relatively low concentrations may therefore hold great promise for the treatment of
these diseases.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest: Martijn R.H. Zwinderman declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Fangyuan Cao declares that she has no conflict of interest. Frank J. Dekker declares that he has
no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: This chapter does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
performed by any of the authors.
References
1. Li B, Carey M, Workman JL (2007) The role of chromatin during transcription. Cell
128:707–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.015
2. Venkatesh S, Workman JL (2015) Histone exchange, chromatin structure and the regulation of
transcription. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16:178–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3941
3. Bannister AJ, Kouzarides T (2011) Regulation of chromatin by histone modifications. Cell
Res 21:381–395. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2011.22
4. Becker PB, Workman JL (2013) Nucleosome remodeling and epigenetics. Cold Spring Harb
Perspect Biol 5. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a017905
5. Greer EL, Shi Y (2012) Histone methylation: a dynamic mark in health, disease and inheritance. Nat Rev Genet 13:343–357. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3173
6. Mai A, Altucci L (2009) Epi-drugs to fight cancer: from chemistry to cancer treatment, the
road ahead. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:199–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.020
7. Altucci L, Rots MG (2016) Epigenetic drugs: from chemistry via biology to medicine and
back. Clin Epigenetics 8:56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-016-0222-5
8. Drazic A, Myklebust LM, Ree R, Arnesen T (2016) The world of protein acetylation. Biochim
Biophys Acta Proteins Proteomics 1864:1372–1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.
06.007
9. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M
(2009) Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.
Science 325:834–840. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175371
10. de Ruijter AJM, van Gennip AH, Caron HN, Kemp S, van Kuilenburg ABP (2003) Histone
deacetylases (HDACs): characterization of the classical HDAC family. Biochem J
370:737–749. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20021321
11. Yang XJ, Seto E (2007) HATs and HDACs: from structure, function and regulation to novel
strategies for therapy and prevention. Oncogene 26:5310–5318. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.
onc.1210599
12. Verdin E, Ott M (2015) 50 years of protein acetylation: from gene regulation to epigenetics,
metabolism and beyond. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16:258–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3931
13. Choudhary C, Weinert BT, Nishida Y, Verdin E, Mann M (2014) The growing landscape of
lysine acetylation links metabolism and cell signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15:536–550.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3841
14. Spange S, Wagner T, Heinzel T, Krämer OH (2009) Acetylation of non-histone proteins
modulates cellular signalling at multiple levels. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:185–198. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.027
15. Tang Y, Zhao W, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Gu W (2008) Acetylation is indispensable for p53
activation. Cell 133:612–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.025
446
M. R. H. Zwinderman et al.
these diseases.
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Conflict of Interest: Martijn R.H. Zwinderman declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Fangyuan Cao declares that she has no conflict of interest. Frank J. Dekker declares that he has
no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval: This chapter does not contain any studies with human participants or animals
performed by any of the authors.
References
1. Li B, Carey M, Workman JL (2007) The role of chromatin during transcription. Cell
128:707–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2007.01.015
2. Venkatesh S, Workman JL (2015) Histone exchange, chromatin structure and the regulation of
transcription. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16:178–189. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3941
3. Bannister AJ, Kouzarides T (2011) Regulation of chromatin by histone modifications. Cell
Res 21:381–395. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2011.22
4. Becker PB, Workman JL (2013) Nucleosome remodeling and epigenetics. Cold Spring Harb
Perspect Biol 5. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a017905
5. Greer EL, Shi Y (2012) Histone methylation: a dynamic mark in health, disease and inheritance. Nat Rev Genet 13:343–357. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrg3173
6. Mai A, Altucci L (2009) Epi-drugs to fight cancer: from chemistry to cancer treatment, the
road ahead. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:199–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.020
7. Altucci L, Rots MG (2016) Epigenetic drugs: from chemistry via biology to medicine and
back. Clin Epigenetics 8:56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-016-0222-5
8. Drazic A, Myklebust LM, Ree R, Arnesen T (2016) The world of protein acetylation. Biochim
Biophys Acta Proteins Proteomics 1864:1372–1401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.
06.007
9. Choudhary C, Kumar C, Gnad F, Nielsen ML, Rehman M, Walther TC, Olsen JV, Mann M
(2009) Lysine acetylation targets protein complexes and co-regulates major cellular functions.
Science 325:834–840. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1175371
10. de Ruijter AJM, van Gennip AH, Caron HN, Kemp S, van Kuilenburg ABP (2003) Histone
deacetylases (HDACs): characterization of the classical HDAC family. Biochem J
370:737–749. https://doi.org/10.1042/BJ20021321
11. Yang XJ, Seto E (2007) HATs and HDACs: from structure, function and regulation to novel
strategies for therapy and prevention. Oncogene 26:5310–5318. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.
onc.1210599
12. Verdin E, Ott M (2015) 50 years of protein acetylation: from gene regulation to epigenetics,
metabolism and beyond. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 16:258–264. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3931
13. Choudhary C, Weinert BT, Nishida Y, Verdin E, Mann M (2014) The growing landscape of
lysine acetylation links metabolism and cell signalling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 15:536–550.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nrm3841
14. Spange S, Wagner T, Heinzel T, Krämer OH (2009) Acetylation of non-histone proteins
modulates cellular signalling at multiple levels. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 41:185–198. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2008.08.027
15. Tang Y, Zhao W, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Gu W (2008) Acetylation is indispensable for p53
activation. Cell 133:612–626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.025
446
M. R. H. Zwinderman et al.