677
income distribution and inequality
effects, 141–142
incorporating dynamic concerns, 142–143
induced innovation, 138
limits, 138
nexus strategies (see Observed nexus
strategies)
non-market valuation, 130, 132–133
public–private goods, 144–145
rebound effects, 131–132
supply and demand, 130, 131
uncertainty
Farmers’ precautionary strategies, 144
incentives, 144
nexus systems, 143
preferences and management, 144
sharing risks, 144
sources, 143
Stochastic modeling, 143
value of water, 134–135
Economics welfare
benefit–cost analysis, 133
consumer effects, 133
consumers’ surplus, 133
monetary measure, 133
producers’ surplus, 133
Economic valuation, 249, 255
Economies of scale, 191
Ecosystem accounting, 239, 249, 251
Ecosystems
biogeochemical cycles, 242
biota
animals, 248
carrying capacity, 248
microorganisms, 248, 249
vegetation, 246, 248
energy flow, 242, 243
hydrology and atmosphere conditions, 241
land and soil
biogeochemical cycle, 244
biological interactions, 245
carrying capacity, 243
formations, 244
habitat connectivity, 246
hydrologic cycle, erosion and
sedimentation, 243
water interface, 245, 246
weathering process, 244
nutrients, 242
sulfur cycle, 242
Ecosystem services
anthropocene, 239
biodiversity, 239
CA (see Conservation agriculture (CA))
category, 238
erosion control services (see Erosion
control services)
food systems, 239
freshwater, 238
habitat services, 238
PES (see Payments for ecosystem
services (PES))
SDGs (see Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs))
valuation
cultural and institutional contexts, 249
decision-making, 249
evaluate and account, 249
factor input valuation methods, 250
pest regulation, 251
revealed preference methods, 250
study, 249
watershed, 525, 526, 546
Edwards aquifer and river system simulation
model (EDSIMR), 143, 146, 147
Electrical energy, 284
Electrical power grid, 263
Electric grid, 37
Electricity, 283, 284, 315
Embedded energy, 200
Emergency aid, 68
Energy, 8, 85
Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), 162, 167, 172,
174, 201, 574
Energy distribution, 10
Energy Information Administration, 196
Energy poverty, 85
Energy processing, 10
Energy production, 10, 308
Energy sector models, 407
Energy security, 66
Energy self-sufficiency, 197
Energy systems
bottom-up approaches, 48
decision-making, 47
electricity, 48
energy demands, 50
energy resources, 47
food production, 50
LEAP, 49
MARKAL, 49
modern, 50
NEMS, 49
petroleum, 50
scale, 48
TIMES, 49
top-down approaches, 48
water demands, 50
Index
income distribution and inequality
effects, 141–142
incorporating dynamic concerns, 142–143
induced innovation, 138
limits, 138
nexus strategies (see Observed nexus
strategies)
non-market valuation, 130, 132–133
public–private goods, 144–145
rebound effects, 131–132
supply and demand, 130, 131
uncertainty
Farmers’ precautionary strategies, 144
incentives, 144
nexus systems, 143
preferences and management, 144
sharing risks, 144
sources, 143
Stochastic modeling, 143
value of water, 134–135
Economics welfare
benefit–cost analysis, 133
consumer effects, 133
consumers’ surplus, 133
monetary measure, 133
producers’ surplus, 133
Economic valuation, 249, 255
Economies of scale, 191
Ecosystem accounting, 239, 249, 251
Ecosystems
biogeochemical cycles, 242
biota
animals, 248
carrying capacity, 248
microorganisms, 248, 249
vegetation, 246, 248
energy flow, 242, 243
hydrology and atmosphere conditions, 241
land and soil
biogeochemical cycle, 244
biological interactions, 245
carrying capacity, 243
formations, 244
habitat connectivity, 246
hydrologic cycle, erosion and
sedimentation, 243
water interface, 245, 246
weathering process, 244
nutrients, 242
sulfur cycle, 242
Ecosystem services
anthropocene, 239
biodiversity, 239
CA (see Conservation agriculture (CA))
category, 238
erosion control services (see Erosion
control services)
food systems, 239
freshwater, 238
habitat services, 238
PES (see Payments for ecosystem
services (PES))
SDGs (see Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs))
valuation
cultural and institutional contexts, 249
decision-making, 249
evaluate and account, 249
factor input valuation methods, 250
pest regulation, 251
revealed preference methods, 250
study, 249
watershed, 525, 526, 546
Edwards aquifer and river system simulation
model (EDSIMR), 143, 146, 147
Electrical energy, 284
Electrical power grid, 263
Electric grid, 37
Electricity, 283, 284, 315
Embedded energy, 200
Emergency aid, 68
Energy, 8, 85
Energy Charter Treaty (ECT), 162, 167, 172,
174, 201, 574
Energy distribution, 10
Energy Information Administration, 196
Energy poverty, 85
Energy processing, 10
Energy production, 10, 308
Energy sector models, 407
Energy security, 66
Energy self-sufficiency, 197
Energy systems
bottom-up approaches, 48
decision-making, 47
electricity, 48
energy demands, 50
energy resources, 47
food production, 50
LEAP, 49
MARKAL, 49
modern, 50
NEMS, 49
petroleum, 50
scale, 48
TIMES, 49
top-down approaches, 48
water demands, 50
Index