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Depending on your perspective within the greater FEW system, you might focus
on one part of the supply chain and infrastructure. Emergency Managers tend to
focus on the “last mile” connecting warehouses and distribution hubs to consumers,
because this tends to be the source of risk during emergencies such as in the aftermath of storms. Consumers and also political decisions tend to focus on their relationship with retail servicers and deliveries, which are the average person’s only
substantial point of contact with the supply chain. Life Cycle analysts and sustainability experts try to consider the impacts and waste streams generated along the full
supply chain, for instance in the farm-to-table production and delivery of food. Each
step in the FEW supply chain involves both hard and soft infrastructure. These diagrams emphasize hard infrastructure, but each step in the chain also involves soft
infrastructures of governance and ownership.
The primary sector is the set of natural resource extraction industries that perform fishing, farming, mining, and drilling operations; these industries tend to be
very infrastructure-intensive and create heavy footprints (Criterion 2). Extraction
industries make use of bulk storage stockpile infrastructure.
The secondary sector is the manufacturing value-added industry, which is also
relatively infrastructure-intensive and footprint-heavy, albeit not to the extent of the
primary sector. Manufacturing makes heavy use of warehouse infrastructure.
The tertiary sector is the service sector, which tends to add a lot of economic
value, tends to be relatively urban and lightweight on its infrastructure requirements. Services tend to be produced and consumed over short distances and do not
use much infrastructure besides commercial real estate buildings and roads, with the
exception of information, banking, and consulting services that tend to make heavy
use of communication and computing infrastructure and personal transportation
systems (i.e. airlines).
10.3.1 Food
There is a difference between agricultural products and “food” for human consumption. Most agricultural products do not become human food, at least not directly or
without a lot of value-added manufacturing. It is necessary to distinguish between
agricultural products and “food.” The term “agri-food supply chains” (ASC) is used
to describe the systems that bring agricultural and horticultural products from production to consumption (Aramyan et al. 2006). Even though ASCs are similar to
other supply chains, factors such as food quality and safety, weather variability,
limited shelf life, and demand and price variability makes it complex, therefore
challenging to manage (Ahumada and Villalobos 2009).
Agricultural products are produced at the farms, ranches, hatcheries, fish farms,
fruit and tree nut farms, with the exception of wild-caught fish. Most of the agricultural products have a farm-to-table connection where extraction is directly connected to the retail or consumption stage. The conventional supply line follows
storage and processing stages. Livestock and poultry are first fattened by using
10 Infrastructure
Depending on your perspective within the greater FEW system, you might focus
on one part of the supply chain and infrastructure. Emergency Managers tend to
focus on the “last mile” connecting warehouses and distribution hubs to consumers,
because this tends to be the source of risk during emergencies such as in the aftermath of storms. Consumers and also political decisions tend to focus on their relationship with retail servicers and deliveries, which are the average person’s only
substantial point of contact with the supply chain. Life Cycle analysts and sustainability experts try to consider the impacts and waste streams generated along the full
supply chain, for instance in the farm-to-table production and delivery of food. Each
step in the FEW supply chain involves both hard and soft infrastructure. These diagrams emphasize hard infrastructure, but each step in the chain also involves soft
infrastructures of governance and ownership.
The primary sector is the set of natural resource extraction industries that perform fishing, farming, mining, and drilling operations; these industries tend to be
very infrastructure-intensive and create heavy footprints (Criterion 2). Extraction
industries make use of bulk storage stockpile infrastructure.
The secondary sector is the manufacturing value-added industry, which is also
relatively infrastructure-intensive and footprint-heavy, albeit not to the extent of the
primary sector. Manufacturing makes heavy use of warehouse infrastructure.
The tertiary sector is the service sector, which tends to add a lot of economic
value, tends to be relatively urban and lightweight on its infrastructure requirements. Services tend to be produced and consumed over short distances and do not
use much infrastructure besides commercial real estate buildings and roads, with the
exception of information, banking, and consulting services that tend to make heavy
use of communication and computing infrastructure and personal transportation
systems (i.e. airlines).
10.3.1 Food
There is a difference between agricultural products and “food” for human consumption. Most agricultural products do not become human food, at least not directly or
without a lot of value-added manufacturing. It is necessary to distinguish between
agricultural products and “food.” The term “agri-food supply chains” (ASC) is used
to describe the systems that bring agricultural and horticultural products from production to consumption (Aramyan et al. 2006). Even though ASCs are similar to
other supply chains, factors such as food quality and safety, weather variability,
limited shelf life, and demand and price variability makes it complex, therefore
challenging to manage (Ahumada and Villalobos 2009).
Agricultural products are produced at the farms, ranches, hatcheries, fish farms,
fruit and tree nut farms, with the exception of wild-caught fish. Most of the agricultural products have a farm-to-table connection where extraction is directly connected to the retail or consumption stage. The conventional supply line follows
storage and processing stages. Livestock and poultry are first fattened by using
10 Infrastructure