284
Biosphere (cont.)
Homo sapiens, 166
Homo species, 163
hotspots, 173
insects and terrestrial vertebrates, 167
landsat satellite images, 175
mammal and bird species, 168
mangrove forests, 177
marine biodiversity, 165
marine conditions, 178
marine mammals, 180
maximum sustainable yield, 178
natural woodlands, 173
nature protectional status, 182
number of species, 166
oil pollution, 177
plant nutrients, 177
quantitative data, 174
spatial distribution, 173
subtropical forests, 173
swamps, 164
tropical rainforest clearing, 177
tropical rainforests of oceans, 176
unintentional fishing, 178
water temperature measurements, 177
wild animals, 163
Biotope, 23
Black box model, 75, 102
Black country, 77
Boundary, 11, 15, 18, 19
Boundary zone, Earth’s crust
air and groundwater, 76
artificial surfaces, 110
biosphere, 75
car cities, 114
channelling, 112
energy resources, 75
energy transformation, 75
green surfaces, 110
greenhouse gases, 113
groundwater supply decreases, 111
heat pockets, 112
ideal traffic structure, 114
London, 109
material and energy resources, 75
Mediterranean Sea, 113
mental deviations, 115
natural environment, 75, 108
nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, 113
nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons, 113
oil fields, 82
precipitation, 113
public transport cities, 114
Rocinha favela, 109
runoff water, 111
smog, 112
social metabolism, 75
social-economic system, 75
society, 75
soils, 75
spatial structure, 110
surface subsidence, 111
temperatures, 112
types of inversion, 112
urban climate, 113
urban desert, 113
urban environment, 106
urban planning, 108
urban trees, 109
British Geological Survey, 156
British Petrol (BP), 143
Brundtland Report, 6
Buddhism, 246, 247
Built environment, 119
Butterfly effect, 20
C
Capability of self-organisation, 26
Carbon cycle, 160–163
Carbon dioxide production, 84
Caveman principle, 259
Central processing units (CPUs), 90, 95
Centre points, 24
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 159
Chaos point, 49
Chaos theory, 19, 20, 26
Chemical evolution, 1
Chlorine nitrate (ClNO 3 ), 200
Christian churches, 247
Circular economy, 81, 250, 251
Circular Economy concept, 81
Civic ecological movements, 243
Climate change
accelerated climate zone, 194
adaptation and no-adaptation, 192
Arctic Sea, 194
definition, 190
ecological and hydrological drought, 192
global warming, 194
heat waves, 191
humanity, 194
incalculable behaviour, 190
mean surface temperature changes, 191
non-linear and non-periodical behaviour, 190
Pleistocene, 190
storms and extreme precipitation, 192
temperature changes and trends, 190
thermal expansion, 191
water mass, 194
Climate Control Group of C40 cities, 221
Climate simulation models, 35–37
Climate system, 36
Climatic anomaly, 66
CO 2 emissions, 85
Coal and industrial development
crude oil and natural gas fields, 80
direct liquefaction/gasification, 80
1820 and 2010, 79
electricity/heat energy production, 81
energy sector, 80
energy utilisation, 80
Index
Biosphere (cont.)
Homo sapiens, 166
Homo species, 163
hotspots, 173
insects and terrestrial vertebrates, 167
landsat satellite images, 175
mammal and bird species, 168
mangrove forests, 177
marine biodiversity, 165
marine conditions, 178
marine mammals, 180
maximum sustainable yield, 178
natural woodlands, 173
nature protectional status, 182
number of species, 166
oil pollution, 177
plant nutrients, 177
quantitative data, 174
spatial distribution, 173
subtropical forests, 173
swamps, 164
tropical rainforest clearing, 177
tropical rainforests of oceans, 176
unintentional fishing, 178
water temperature measurements, 177
wild animals, 163
Biotope, 23
Black box model, 75, 102
Black country, 77
Boundary, 11, 15, 18, 19
Boundary zone, Earth’s crust
air and groundwater, 76
artificial surfaces, 110
biosphere, 75
car cities, 114
channelling, 112
energy resources, 75
energy transformation, 75
green surfaces, 110
greenhouse gases, 113
groundwater supply decreases, 111
heat pockets, 112
ideal traffic structure, 114
London, 109
material and energy resources, 75
Mediterranean Sea, 113
mental deviations, 115
natural environment, 75, 108
nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide, 113
nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons, 113
oil fields, 82
precipitation, 113
public transport cities, 114
Rocinha favela, 109
runoff water, 111
smog, 112
social metabolism, 75
social-economic system, 75
society, 75
soils, 75
spatial structure, 110
surface subsidence, 111
temperatures, 112
types of inversion, 112
urban climate, 113
urban desert, 113
urban environment, 106
urban planning, 108
urban trees, 109
British Geological Survey, 156
British Petrol (BP), 143
Brundtland Report, 6
Buddhism, 246, 247
Built environment, 119
Butterfly effect, 20
C
Capability of self-organisation, 26
Carbon cycle, 160–163
Carbon dioxide production, 84
Caveman principle, 259
Central processing units (CPUs), 90, 95
Centre points, 24
Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 159
Chaos point, 49
Chaos theory, 19, 20, 26
Chemical evolution, 1
Chlorine nitrate (ClNO 3 ), 200
Christian churches, 247
Circular economy, 81, 250, 251
Circular Economy concept, 81
Civic ecological movements, 243
Climate change
accelerated climate zone, 194
adaptation and no-adaptation, 192
Arctic Sea, 194
definition, 190
ecological and hydrological drought, 192
global warming, 194
heat waves, 191
humanity, 194
incalculable behaviour, 190
mean surface temperature changes, 191
non-linear and non-periodical behaviour, 190
Pleistocene, 190
storms and extreme precipitation, 192
temperature changes and trends, 190
thermal expansion, 191
water mass, 194
Climate Control Group of C40 cities, 221
Climate simulation models, 35–37
Climate system, 36
Climatic anomaly, 66
CO 2 emissions, 85
Coal and industrial development
crude oil and natural gas fields, 80
direct liquefaction/gasification, 80
1820 and 2010, 79
electricity/heat energy production, 81
energy sector, 80
energy utilisation, 80
Index