726 Modern Food Microbiology
81. Siame, B.A., S.F. Mpuchane, B.A. Gashe, J. Allotey, and G. Teffera. 1998. Occurrence of aflatoxins, fumonisin B 1 , and
zearalenone in foods and feeds in Botswana. J. Food Protect. 61:1670–1673.
82. Sommer, N.F., J.R. Buchanan, and R.J. Fortlage. 1974. Production of patulin by Penicillium expansum. Appl. Microbiol.
28:589–593.
83. Stahr, H.M., R.L. Pfeiffer, P.J. Imerman, B. Bork, and C. Hurburgh. 1990. Aflatoxins—The 1988 outbreak. Dairy Food
Environ. Sanit. 10:15–17.
84. Stark, A.A. 1980. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of mycotoxins: DNA binding as a possible mode of action. Annu.
Rev. Microbiol. 34:235–262.
85. Stinson, E.E., D.D. Bills, S.F. Osman, J. Siciliano, M.J. Ceponis, and E.G. Heisler. 1980. Mycotoxin production by
Alternaria species grown on apples, tomatoes, and blueberries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:960–963.
86. Stinson, E.E., S.F. Osman, E.G. Beisler, J. Siciano, and D.D. Bills. 1981. Mycotoxin production in whole tomatoes, apples,
oranges, and lemons. J. Agric. Food Chem. 29:790–792.
87. Stoloff, L. 1987. Carcinogenicity of aflatoxins. Science 237:1283–1284 (letter to editor with two responses).
88. Sydenham, E.W., W.F.O. Marasas, G.S. Shephard, P.G. Thiel, and E.Y. Hirooka. 1992. Fumonisin concentrations in
Brazalian feeds associated with field outbreaks of confirmed and suspected animal mycotoxicoses. J. Agric. Food Chem.
40:994–997.
89. Sydenham, E.W., G.S. Shepard, P.G. Thiel, W.F.O. Marasas, and S. Stockenstr¨ om. 1991. Fumonisin contamination of
commercial corn-based human foodstuffs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39:2014–2018.
90. Sydenham, E.W., P.G. Thiel, W.F.O. Marasas, G.S. Shephard, D.J. van Schalkwyk, and K.R. Koch. 1990. Natural occurrence of some Fusarium mycotoxins in corn from low and high esophageal cancer prevalence areas of the Transkei,
southern Africa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38:1900–1903.
91. Taylor, W.J., and F.A. Draughon. 2001. Nannocystis exedens: A potential biocompetitive agent against Aspergillus flavus
and Aspergillus parasiticus. J. Food Protect. 64:1030–1034.
92. Thiel, P.G., W.F.O. Marasas, E.W. Sydenham, G.S. Shephard, and C.A. Gelderblom. 1992. The implications of naturally
occurring levels of fumonisins in corn for human and animal health. Mycopathologia 117:3–9.
93. Thompson, D.P. 1997. Effect of phenolic compounds on mycelial growth of Fusarium and Penicillium species. J. Food
Protect. 60:1262–1264.
94. Tong, C.-H., and F.A. Draughon. 1985. Inhibition by antimicrobial food additives of ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus
sulphureus and Penicillium viridicatum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:1407–1411.
95. Torres, M.R., V. Sanchis, and A.J. Ramos. 1998. Occurrence of fumonisins in Spanish beers analyzed by an enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay method. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 39:139–143.
96. Trenk, H.L., and P.A. Hartman. 1970. Effects of moisture content and temperature on aflatoxin production in corn. Appl.
Microbiol. 19:781–784.
97. Wheeler, K.A., B.F. Hurdman, and J.I. Pitt. 1991. Influence of pH on the growth of some toxigenic species of Aspergillus,
Penicillium and Fusarium. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 12:141–150.
98. Wiebe, L.A., and L.F. Bjeldanes. 1981. Fusarin C, a mutagen from Fusarium moniliforme grown on corn. J. Food Sci.
46:1424–1426.
99. Wheeler, J.L., M.A. Harrison, and P.E. Koehler. 1987. Presence and stability of patulin in pasteurized apple cider. J. Food
Sci. 52:479–480.
100. Wogan, G.N. 1966. Chemical nature and biological effects of the aflatoxins. Bacteriol. Rev. 30:460–470.
101. Wu, M.T., J.C. Ayres, and P.E. Koehler. 1974. Production of citrinin by Penicillium viridicatum on country-cured ham.
Appl. Microbiol. 27:427–428.
102. Yoshizawa, T., A. Yamashita, and Y. Luo. 1994. Fumonisin occurrence in corn from high- and low-risk areas for human
esophageal cancer in China. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1626–1629.
81. Siame, B.A., S.F. Mpuchane, B.A. Gashe, J. Allotey, and G. Teffera. 1998. Occurrence of aflatoxins, fumonisin B 1 , and
zearalenone in foods and feeds in Botswana. J. Food Protect. 61:1670–1673.
82. Sommer, N.F., J.R. Buchanan, and R.J. Fortlage. 1974. Production of patulin by Penicillium expansum. Appl. Microbiol.
28:589–593.
83. Stahr, H.M., R.L. Pfeiffer, P.J. Imerman, B. Bork, and C. Hurburgh. 1990. Aflatoxins—The 1988 outbreak. Dairy Food
Environ. Sanit. 10:15–17.
84. Stark, A.A. 1980. Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of mycotoxins: DNA binding as a possible mode of action. Annu.
Rev. Microbiol. 34:235–262.
85. Stinson, E.E., D.D. Bills, S.F. Osman, J. Siciliano, M.J. Ceponis, and E.G. Heisler. 1980. Mycotoxin production by
Alternaria species grown on apples, tomatoes, and blueberries. J. Agric. Food Chem. 28:960–963.
86. Stinson, E.E., S.F. Osman, E.G. Beisler, J. Siciano, and D.D. Bills. 1981. Mycotoxin production in whole tomatoes, apples,
oranges, and lemons. J. Agric. Food Chem. 29:790–792.
87. Stoloff, L. 1987. Carcinogenicity of aflatoxins. Science 237:1283–1284 (letter to editor with two responses).
88. Sydenham, E.W., W.F.O. Marasas, G.S. Shephard, P.G. Thiel, and E.Y. Hirooka. 1992. Fumonisin concentrations in
Brazalian feeds associated with field outbreaks of confirmed and suspected animal mycotoxicoses. J. Agric. Food Chem.
40:994–997.
89. Sydenham, E.W., G.S. Shepard, P.G. Thiel, W.F.O. Marasas, and S. Stockenstr¨ om. 1991. Fumonisin contamination of
commercial corn-based human foodstuffs. J. Agric. Food Chem. 39:2014–2018.
90. Sydenham, E.W., P.G. Thiel, W.F.O. Marasas, G.S. Shephard, D.J. van Schalkwyk, and K.R. Koch. 1990. Natural occurrence of some Fusarium mycotoxins in corn from low and high esophageal cancer prevalence areas of the Transkei,
southern Africa. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38:1900–1903.
91. Taylor, W.J., and F.A. Draughon. 2001. Nannocystis exedens: A potential biocompetitive agent against Aspergillus flavus
and Aspergillus parasiticus. J. Food Protect. 64:1030–1034.
92. Thiel, P.G., W.F.O. Marasas, E.W. Sydenham, G.S. Shephard, and C.A. Gelderblom. 1992. The implications of naturally
occurring levels of fumonisins in corn for human and animal health. Mycopathologia 117:3–9.
93. Thompson, D.P. 1997. Effect of phenolic compounds on mycelial growth of Fusarium and Penicillium species. J. Food
Protect. 60:1262–1264.
94. Tong, C.-H., and F.A. Draughon. 1985. Inhibition by antimicrobial food additives of ochratoxin A production by Aspergillus
sulphureus and Penicillium viridicatum. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 49:1407–1411.
95. Torres, M.R., V. Sanchis, and A.J. Ramos. 1998. Occurrence of fumonisins in Spanish beers analyzed by an enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay method. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 39:139–143.
96. Trenk, H.L., and P.A. Hartman. 1970. Effects of moisture content and temperature on aflatoxin production in corn. Appl.
Microbiol. 19:781–784.
97. Wheeler, K.A., B.F. Hurdman, and J.I. Pitt. 1991. Influence of pH on the growth of some toxigenic species of Aspergillus,
Penicillium and Fusarium. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 12:141–150.
98. Wiebe, L.A., and L.F. Bjeldanes. 1981. Fusarin C, a mutagen from Fusarium moniliforme grown on corn. J. Food Sci.
46:1424–1426.
99. Wheeler, J.L., M.A. Harrison, and P.E. Koehler. 1987. Presence and stability of patulin in pasteurized apple cider. J. Food
Sci. 52:479–480.
100. Wogan, G.N. 1966. Chemical nature and biological effects of the aflatoxins. Bacteriol. Rev. 30:460–470.
101. Wu, M.T., J.C. Ayres, and P.E. Koehler. 1974. Production of citrinin by Penicillium viridicatum on country-cured ham.
Appl. Microbiol. 27:427–428.
102. Yoshizawa, T., A. Yamashita, and Y. Luo. 1994. Fumonisin occurrence in corn from high- and low-risk areas for human
esophageal cancer in China. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 60:1626–1629.