Foodborne Animal Parasites 705
9. Boucher, S.-E.M., and F.D. Gillin. 1990. Excystation of in vitro-derived Giardia lamblia cysts. Infect. Immun. 58:3516–
3522.
10. Campbell, L., S. Tzipori, G. Hutchinson, and K.W. Angus. 1982. Effect of disinfectants on survival of cryptosporidium
oocysts. Vet. Rec. 111:414–415.
11. Carlin, A.F., C. Mott, D. Cash, and W. Zimmerman. 1969. Destruction of trichina larvae in cooked pork roasts. J. Food
Sci. 34:210–212.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis—Spokane, Washington,
1997. Morb. Mort. Wkly Rep. 47:565–567.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection and cryptosporidiosis
associated with drinking unpasteurized apple cider—Connecticut and New York, October 1996. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep.
46:4–8.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996. Foodborne outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium parvum—Minnesota, 1995. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 45:783–784.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis—Ontario, Canada, May 1998. Morb. Mort.
Wkly. Rep. 47:806–809.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. Update: Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis—United States and Canada, 1997.
Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 46:521–523.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1990. Swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis—Los Angeles County. Morb.
Mort. Wkly. Rep. 39:343–345.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1989. Common-source outbreak of giardiasis—New Mexico. MMWR Morb.
Mort. Wkly. Rep. 38:405–407.
19. Cheng, T.C. 1986. General Parasitology, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press.
20. Childers, A.B., R.N. Terrell, T.M. Craig, T.J. Kayfus, and G.C. Smith. 1982. Effect of sodium chloride concentration,
water activity, fermentation method and drying time on the viability of Trichinella spiralis in Genoa salami. J. Food
Protect. 45:816–819.
21. Conroy, D.A. 1960. A note on the occurrence of Giardia sp. in a Christmas pudding. Rev. Iber. Parasitol. 20:567–571.
22. Craun, G. 1988. Surface water supplies and health. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 80:40–52.
23. Craun, G.F. 1979. Waterborne giardiasis in the United States: A review. Am. J. Public Health 69:817–819.
24. Current, W.L. 1988. The biology of Cryptosporidium. ASM News 54(11):605–611.
25. Current, W.L. 1987. Cryptosporium: Its biology and potential for environmental transmission. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ.
Cont. 17:21–51.
26. D’Antonio, R.G., R.E. Winn, J.P. Taylor, T.L. Gustafson, W.L. Current, M.M. Rhodes, G.W. Gary, Jr., and R.A. Zajac.
1985. A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann. Intern. Med. 103:886–888.
27. Deng, M.Q., and D.O. Cliver. 2001. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cider by flash pasteurization. J.
Food Protect. 64:523–527.
28. Desmonts, G., J. Couvreur, F. Alison, J. Baudelot, J. Gerbeaux, and M. Lelong. 1965. Etude epidemiologique sur la
toxoplasmose: De l’influence de la cuisson des viandes de boucherie sur la frequence de l’infection humaine. Rev. Fr.
Etudes Clin. Biol. 10:952–958.
29. Duquesne, V., C. Auriault, F. Darcy, J.-P. Decavel, and A. Capron. 1990. Protection of nude rats against Toxoplasma
infection by excreted-secreted antigen-specific helper T cells. Infect. Immun. 58:2120–2126.
30. Elliott, D.A., D.J. Coleman, M.A. Lane, R.C. May, L.A. Machesky, and D.P. Clark. 2001. Cryptosporidium parvum
infection requires host cell actin polymerization. Infect. Immun. 69:5940–5942.
31. Fayer, R., T.K. Graczyk, E.J. Lewis, J.M. Trout, and C.A. Farley. 1998. Survival of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum
oocysts in seawater and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1070–
1074.
32. Fayer, R., and B.L.P. Ungar. 1986. Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiol. Rev. 50:458–483.
33. Fayer, R., and J.P. Dubey. 1985. Methods for controlling transmission of protozoan parasites from meat to man. Food
Technol. 39(3):57–60.
34. Fayer, R. 1982. Other protozoa: Eimeria, Isospora, Cystoisospora, Besnoitia, Hammondia, Frenkelia, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon, and Nosema. In CRC Handbook Series in Zoonosis, ed. J.H. Steele, 187–197. Boca Raton,
FL: CRC Press.
9. Boucher, S.-E.M., and F.D. Gillin. 1990. Excystation of in vitro-derived Giardia lamblia cysts. Infect. Immun. 58:3516–
3522.
10. Campbell, L., S. Tzipori, G. Hutchinson, and K.W. Angus. 1982. Effect of disinfectants on survival of cryptosporidium
oocysts. Vet. Rec. 111:414–415.
11. Carlin, A.F., C. Mott, D. Cash, and W. Zimmerman. 1969. Destruction of trichina larvae in cooked pork roasts. J. Food
Sci. 34:210–212.
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Foodborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis—Spokane, Washington,
1997. Morb. Mort. Wkly Rep. 47:565–567.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. Outbreaks of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 infection and cryptosporidiosis
associated with drinking unpasteurized apple cider—Connecticut and New York, October 1996. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep.
46:4–8.
14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996. Foodborne outbreak of diarrheal illness associated with Cryptosporidium parvum—Minnesota, 1995. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 45:783–784.
15. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1998. Outbreak of cyclosporiasis—Ontario, Canada, May 1998. Morb. Mort.
Wkly. Rep. 47:806–809.
16. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1997. Update: Outbreaks of cyclosporiasis—United States and Canada, 1997.
Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 46:521–523.
17. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1990. Swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis—Los Angeles County. Morb.
Mort. Wkly. Rep. 39:343–345.
18. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1989. Common-source outbreak of giardiasis—New Mexico. MMWR Morb.
Mort. Wkly. Rep. 38:405–407.
19. Cheng, T.C. 1986. General Parasitology, 2nd ed. New York: Academic Press.
20. Childers, A.B., R.N. Terrell, T.M. Craig, T.J. Kayfus, and G.C. Smith. 1982. Effect of sodium chloride concentration,
water activity, fermentation method and drying time on the viability of Trichinella spiralis in Genoa salami. J. Food
Protect. 45:816–819.
21. Conroy, D.A. 1960. A note on the occurrence of Giardia sp. in a Christmas pudding. Rev. Iber. Parasitol. 20:567–571.
22. Craun, G. 1988. Surface water supplies and health. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 80:40–52.
23. Craun, G.F. 1979. Waterborne giardiasis in the United States: A review. Am. J. Public Health 69:817–819.
24. Current, W.L. 1988. The biology of Cryptosporidium. ASM News 54(11):605–611.
25. Current, W.L. 1987. Cryptosporium: Its biology and potential for environmental transmission. CRC Crit. Rev. Environ.
Cont. 17:21–51.
26. D’Antonio, R.G., R.E. Winn, J.P. Taylor, T.L. Gustafson, W.L. Current, M.M. Rhodes, G.W. Gary, Jr., and R.A. Zajac.
1985. A waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis in normal hosts. Ann. Intern. Med. 103:886–888.
27. Deng, M.Q., and D.O. Cliver. 2001. Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in cider by flash pasteurization. J.
Food Protect. 64:523–527.
28. Desmonts, G., J. Couvreur, F. Alison, J. Baudelot, J. Gerbeaux, and M. Lelong. 1965. Etude epidemiologique sur la
toxoplasmose: De l’influence de la cuisson des viandes de boucherie sur la frequence de l’infection humaine. Rev. Fr.
Etudes Clin. Biol. 10:952–958.
29. Duquesne, V., C. Auriault, F. Darcy, J.-P. Decavel, and A. Capron. 1990. Protection of nude rats against Toxoplasma
infection by excreted-secreted antigen-specific helper T cells. Infect. Immun. 58:2120–2126.
30. Elliott, D.A., D.J. Coleman, M.A. Lane, R.C. May, L.A. Machesky, and D.P. Clark. 2001. Cryptosporidium parvum
infection requires host cell actin polymerization. Infect. Immun. 69:5940–5942.
31. Fayer, R., T.K. Graczyk, E.J. Lewis, J.M. Trout, and C.A. Farley. 1998. Survival of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum
oocysts in seawater and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:1070–
1074.
32. Fayer, R., and B.L.P. Ungar. 1986. Cryptosporidium spp. and cryptosporidiosis. Microbiol. Rev. 50:458–483.
33. Fayer, R., and J.P. Dubey. 1985. Methods for controlling transmission of protozoan parasites from meat to man. Food
Technol. 39(3):57–60.
34. Fayer, R. 1982. Other protozoa: Eimeria, Isospora, Cystoisospora, Besnoitia, Hammondia, Frenkelia, Sarcocystis, Cryptosporidium, Encephalitozoon, and Nosema. In CRC Handbook Series in Zoonosis, ed. J.H. Steele, 187–197. Boca Raton,
FL: CRC Press.