690 Modern Food Microbiology
self-limiting, lasting a mean of 43 ± 24 days,
93 and it is more severe in human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)-infected individuals.
98 The incubation period ranges between 2 and 11 days, with a mean
of about 7 days. In the large outbreak in 1996, the leading symptoms and the percentages experiencing
them were diarrhea (98.8%), loss of appetite (92.9%), fatigue (92.4%), and weight loss (90.7%).
43
Prevalence and Outbreaks
It appears that the first documented human case of cyclosporiasis occurred in 1977 in Papua, New
Guinea.
98 The first outbreak in the United States occurred in July 1990 in a physicians’ hospitaldormitory in Chicago, and there were 21 case patients.
47 Tap water was the source, and it came from
water-storage tanks on top of the building.
47 As an intestinal pathogen, one would expect to find
this organism in feces-contaminated waters, and its oocysts have been detected in waste water and
verified by PCR.
99 The disease was contracted by British soldiers and defenders in Nepal in 1994
from chlorinated water stored in tanks.
81 Cases have occurred in persons on cruise ships.
The largest clear-cut foodborne outbreak occurred in 1996 in 20 U.S. states and two Canadian
Provinces. There were at least 1465 cases, and 66.8% were laboratory confirmed.
44 The vehicle food
was raspberries imported from Guatemala. This same product was the vehicle in a later outbreak
in Ontario, Canada, where at least 29 persons became ill.
15 The food item involved was a berry
garnish that contained raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, and possibly blueberries; and 26% of
the 108 who ate this garnish became ill. Raspberries from Guatemala were statistically associated with
the organism. In addition to raspberries, mesclun lettuce has been suspected of being the source of
cyclosporiasis.
16 An outbreak of cyclosporiasis occurred in Toronto in May 1999 among individuals
who attended a wedding. There were around 79 victims, but the vehicle was unknown.
FLATWORMS
All flatworms belong to the animal phylum Platyhelminthes, and the genera discussed in this chapter
belong to two classes:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda (flukes)
Subclass Digenea
Order Echinostomata
Family Fasciolidae
Genus Fasciola
Genus Fasciolopsis
Order Plagiorchiata
Family Troglotrematidae
Genus Paragonimus
Order Opisthorchiata
Family Opisthorchiidae
Genus Clonorchis
Class Cestoidea
Subclass Eucestoda (tapeworms)
self-limiting, lasting a mean of 43 ± 24 days,
93 and it is more severe in human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)-infected individuals.
98 The incubation period ranges between 2 and 11 days, with a mean
of about 7 days. In the large outbreak in 1996, the leading symptoms and the percentages experiencing
them were diarrhea (98.8%), loss of appetite (92.9%), fatigue (92.4%), and weight loss (90.7%).
43
Prevalence and Outbreaks
It appears that the first documented human case of cyclosporiasis occurred in 1977 in Papua, New
Guinea.
98 The first outbreak in the United States occurred in July 1990 in a physicians’ hospitaldormitory in Chicago, and there were 21 case patients.
47 Tap water was the source, and it came from
water-storage tanks on top of the building.
47 As an intestinal pathogen, one would expect to find
this organism in feces-contaminated waters, and its oocysts have been detected in waste water and
verified by PCR.
99 The disease was contracted by British soldiers and defenders in Nepal in 1994
from chlorinated water stored in tanks.
81 Cases have occurred in persons on cruise ships.
The largest clear-cut foodborne outbreak occurred in 1996 in 20 U.S. states and two Canadian
Provinces. There were at least 1465 cases, and 66.8% were laboratory confirmed.
44 The vehicle food
was raspberries imported from Guatemala. This same product was the vehicle in a later outbreak
in Ontario, Canada, where at least 29 persons became ill.
15 The food item involved was a berry
garnish that contained raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, and possibly blueberries; and 26% of
the 108 who ate this garnish became ill. Raspberries from Guatemala were statistically associated with
the organism. In addition to raspberries, mesclun lettuce has been suspected of being the source of
cyclosporiasis.
16 An outbreak of cyclosporiasis occurred in Toronto in May 1999 among individuals
who attended a wedding. There were around 79 victims, but the vehicle was unknown.
FLATWORMS
All flatworms belong to the animal phylum Platyhelminthes, and the genera discussed in this chapter
belong to two classes:
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda (flukes)
Subclass Digenea
Order Echinostomata
Family Fasciolidae
Genus Fasciola
Genus Fasciolopsis
Order Plagiorchiata
Family Troglotrematidae
Genus Paragonimus
Order Opisthorchiata
Family Opisthorchiidae
Genus Clonorchis
Class Cestoidea
Subclass Eucestoda (tapeworms)