Foodborne Gastroenteritis Caused by Salmonella and Shigella
635
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000b. Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections associated with eating a nationally
distributed dip—California, Oregon, and Washington, January 2000. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 49:60–61.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Muenchen infections associated with
unpasteurized orange juice—United States and Canada, June 1999. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 48:582–585.
14. Centers for Disease Control. 1985. Shigellosis—United States, 1984. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 34:600.
15. Chung, K.C., and J.M. Goepfert. 1970. Growth of Salmonella at low pH. J. Food Sci. 35:326–328.
16. Chung, Y.H., S.Y. Kim, and Y.H. Chang. 2003. Prevalence and actibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from foods
in Korea for 1993 to 2001. J. Food Protect. 66:1154–1157.
17. Crockett, C.S., C.N. Hass, A. Fazil. 1996. Prevalence of shigellosis in the U.S.: Consistency with dose-response information.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 30:87–99.
18. D’Aoust, J.Y., and H. Pivnick. 1976. Small infectious doses of Salmonella. Lancet 1:866.
19. Dargatz, D.A., P.J. Fedorka-Cray, S.R. Ladely, and K.E. Ferris. 2000. Survey of Salmonella serotypes shed in feces of beef
cows and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. J. Food Protect. 63:1648–1653.
20. Fedorka-Cray, P.J., D.A. Dargatz, L.A. Thomas, and J.T. Gray. 1998. Survey of Salmonella serotypes in feedlot cattle. J.
Food Protect. 61:525–530.
21. Goepfert, J.M., and R.A. Biggie. 1968. Heat resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W in
milk chocolate. Appl. Microbiol. 16:1939–1940.
22. Graber, G. 1991. Control of Salmonella in animal feeds. Division of Animal Feeds, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food
and Drug Administration. Report to the National Advisory Commission on Microbiological Criteria for Foods.
23. Hennessy, T.W., C.W. Hedberg, L. Slutsker. 1996. A national outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis infections from ice cream.
N. Engl. J. Med. 334:1281–1286.
24. Hinton, M., E.J. Threlfall, and B. Rowe. 1990. The invasive potential of Salmonella Enteritidis phage types for young
chickens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 10:237–239.
25. Hobbs, B.C. 1961. Public health significance of Salmonella carriers in livestock and birds. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 24:340–352.
26. Horwitz, M.A., R.A. Pollard, M.H. Merson, and S.M. Martin. 1977. A large outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis on the
Navajo Indian Reservation, epidemiology and secondary transmission. Am. J. Public Health 67:1071–1076.
27. Impey, C.S., and G.C. Mead. 1989. Fate of salmonellas in the alimentary tract of chicks pre-treated with a mature caecal
microflora to increase colonization resistance. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66:469–475.
28. Jones, F.T., R.C. Axtell, D.V. Rives, S.E. Schneideler, F.R. Tarver, Jr., R.L. Walker, and M.J. Wineland. 1991. A survey of
Salmonella contamination in modern broiler production. J. Food Protect. 54:502–507.
29. Juven, B.J., N.A. Cox, J.S. Bailey, J.E. Thomson, O.W. Charles, and J.V. Shutze. 1984. Survival of Salmonella in dry food
and feed. J. Food Protect. 47:445–448.
30. Kampelmacher, E.H. 1963. The role of salmonellae in foodborne diseases. In Microbiological Quality of Foods, ed. L.W.
Slanetz et al., 84–101. New York: Academic Press.
31. Keller, L.H., C.E. Benson, K. Krotec, and R.J. Eckroade. 1995. Salmonella Enteritidis colonization of the reproductive
tract and forming and freshly laid eggs of chickens. Infect. Immun. 63:2443–2449.
32. Lee, W.-C., M.-J. Lee, J.-S. Kim, and S.-Y. Park. 2001. Foodborne illness outbreaks in Korea and Japan studied restrospectively. J. Food Protect. 64:899–902.
33. Le Minor, L., and M.Y. Popoff. 1987. Designation of Salmonella enterica sp. nov., nom. rev., as the type and only species
of the genus Salmonella. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 37:465–468.
34. Lerche, M. 1961. Zur Lebenfahigkeit von Salmonella bakterien in Mayonnaise und Fleischsalat. Wein. Tierarztl. Mschr.
6:348–361.
35. Ley, F.J., B.M. Freeman, and B.C. Hobbs. 1963. The use of gamma radiation for the elimination of salmonellae from
various foods. J. Hyg. 61:515–529.
36. Lillard, H.S. 1986. Role of fimbriae and flagella in the attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium to poultry skin. J. Food Sci.
51:54–56, 65.
37. Martin, W.J., and W.H. Ewing. 1969. Prevalence of serotypes of Salmonella. Appl. Microbiol. 17:111–117.
38. Matches, J.R., and J. Liston. 1968. Low temperature growth of Salmonella. J. Food Sci. 33:641–645.
39. Mead, G.C., and P.A. Barrow. 1990. Salmonella control in poultry by “competitive exclusion” or immunization. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 10:221–227.
635
12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2000b. Outbreak of Shigella sonnei infections associated with eating a nationally
distributed dip—California, Oregon, and Washington, January 2000. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 49:60–61.
13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1999. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Muenchen infections associated with
unpasteurized orange juice—United States and Canada, June 1999. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 48:582–585.
14. Centers for Disease Control. 1985. Shigellosis—United States, 1984. Morb. Mort. Wkly. Rep. 34:600.
15. Chung, K.C., and J.M. Goepfert. 1970. Growth of Salmonella at low pH. J. Food Sci. 35:326–328.
16. Chung, Y.H., S.Y. Kim, and Y.H. Chang. 2003. Prevalence and actibiotic susceptibility of Salmonella isolated from foods
in Korea for 1993 to 2001. J. Food Protect. 66:1154–1157.
17. Crockett, C.S., C.N. Hass, A. Fazil. 1996. Prevalence of shigellosis in the U.S.: Consistency with dose-response information.
Int. J. Food Microbiol. 30:87–99.
18. D’Aoust, J.Y., and H. Pivnick. 1976. Small infectious doses of Salmonella. Lancet 1:866.
19. Dargatz, D.A., P.J. Fedorka-Cray, S.R. Ladely, and K.E. Ferris. 2000. Survey of Salmonella serotypes shed in feces of beef
cows and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. J. Food Protect. 63:1648–1653.
20. Fedorka-Cray, P.J., D.A. Dargatz, L.A. Thomas, and J.T. Gray. 1998. Survey of Salmonella serotypes in feedlot cattle. J.
Food Protect. 61:525–530.
21. Goepfert, J.M., and R.A. Biggie. 1968. Heat resistance of Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Senftenberg 775W in
milk chocolate. Appl. Microbiol. 16:1939–1940.
22. Graber, G. 1991. Control of Salmonella in animal feeds. Division of Animal Feeds, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food
and Drug Administration. Report to the National Advisory Commission on Microbiological Criteria for Foods.
23. Hennessy, T.W., C.W. Hedberg, L. Slutsker. 1996. A national outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis infections from ice cream.
N. Engl. J. Med. 334:1281–1286.
24. Hinton, M., E.J. Threlfall, and B. Rowe. 1990. The invasive potential of Salmonella Enteritidis phage types for young
chickens. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 10:237–239.
25. Hobbs, B.C. 1961. Public health significance of Salmonella carriers in livestock and birds. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 24:340–352.
26. Horwitz, M.A., R.A. Pollard, M.H. Merson, and S.M. Martin. 1977. A large outbreak of foodborne salmonellosis on the
Navajo Indian Reservation, epidemiology and secondary transmission. Am. J. Public Health 67:1071–1076.
27. Impey, C.S., and G.C. Mead. 1989. Fate of salmonellas in the alimentary tract of chicks pre-treated with a mature caecal
microflora to increase colonization resistance. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 66:469–475.
28. Jones, F.T., R.C. Axtell, D.V. Rives, S.E. Schneideler, F.R. Tarver, Jr., R.L. Walker, and M.J. Wineland. 1991. A survey of
Salmonella contamination in modern broiler production. J. Food Protect. 54:502–507.
29. Juven, B.J., N.A. Cox, J.S. Bailey, J.E. Thomson, O.W. Charles, and J.V. Shutze. 1984. Survival of Salmonella in dry food
and feed. J. Food Protect. 47:445–448.
30. Kampelmacher, E.H. 1963. The role of salmonellae in foodborne diseases. In Microbiological Quality of Foods, ed. L.W.
Slanetz et al., 84–101. New York: Academic Press.
31. Keller, L.H., C.E. Benson, K. Krotec, and R.J. Eckroade. 1995. Salmonella Enteritidis colonization of the reproductive
tract and forming and freshly laid eggs of chickens. Infect. Immun. 63:2443–2449.
32. Lee, W.-C., M.-J. Lee, J.-S. Kim, and S.-Y. Park. 2001. Foodborne illness outbreaks in Korea and Japan studied restrospectively. J. Food Protect. 64:899–902.
33. Le Minor, L., and M.Y. Popoff. 1987. Designation of Salmonella enterica sp. nov., nom. rev., as the type and only species
of the genus Salmonella. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 37:465–468.
34. Lerche, M. 1961. Zur Lebenfahigkeit von Salmonella bakterien in Mayonnaise und Fleischsalat. Wein. Tierarztl. Mschr.
6:348–361.
35. Ley, F.J., B.M. Freeman, and B.C. Hobbs. 1963. The use of gamma radiation for the elimination of salmonellae from
various foods. J. Hyg. 61:515–529.
36. Lillard, H.S. 1986. Role of fimbriae and flagella in the attachment of Salmonella Typhimurium to poultry skin. J. Food Sci.
51:54–56, 65.
37. Martin, W.J., and W.H. Ewing. 1969. Prevalence of serotypes of Salmonella. Appl. Microbiol. 17:111–117.
38. Matches, J.R., and J. Liston. 1968. Low temperature growth of Salmonella. J. Food Sci. 33:641–645.
39. Mead, G.C., and P.A. Barrow. 1990. Salmonella control in poultry by “competitive exclusion” or immunization. Lett. Appl.
Microbiol. 10:221–227.