492 Modern Food Microbiology
milk, their generation times, and milk storage temperature. With these and other relevant data subjected
to an appropriate statistical package, it was found that 2.1
◦ C decreases in milk storage temperature
significantly increased simulated shelf life and even more so with one-half log 10 decreases in microbial
load.
76 If enough parameters are known about a given foodborne pathogen, Monte Carlo Simulation
may be used to predict growth of the pathogen and disease outcome.
REFERENCES
1. Ackland, M.R., E.R. Trewhella, J. Reeder, and F.G. Bean. 1981. The detection of microbial spoilage in canned foods using
thin-layer chromatography. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 51:277–281.
2. Adams, M.R., and M.O. Moss. 2000. Food Microbiology, 2nd ed. New York: Springer.
3. Ahmed, A., and J.R. Matches. 1983. Alcohol production by fish spoilage bacteria. J. Food Protect. 46:1055–1069.
4. American Public Health Association. 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th ed.
Washington, DC: APHA.
5. Beerens, H. 1998. Bifidobacteria as indicators of faecal contamination in meat and meat products: Detection, determination
of origin and comparison with Escherichia coli. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 40:203–207.
6. Brenner, D.J., B.R. Davis, A.G. Steigerwalt, G.R. Fanning, C.F. Riddle, A.C. McWhorter, S.D. Allen, J.J. Farmer, III,
and Y. Saitoh. 1982a. Atypical biogroups of Escherichia coli found in clinical specimens and description of Escherichia
hermannii sp. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:703–713.
7. Brenner, D.J., A.C. McWhorter, J.K.L. Knutson, and A.G. Steigerwalt. 1982b. Escherichia vulneris: A new species of
Enterobacteriaceae associated with human wounds. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:1133–1140.
8. Buchanan, R.L., and J.G. Phillips. 1990. Response surface model for predicting the effects of temperature, pH, sodium
chloride, sodium nitrite concentrations and atmosphere on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Food Protect. 53:370–
376, 381.
9. Burton, M.C. 1949. Comparison of coliform and enterococcus organisms as indices of pollution in frozen foods. Food Res.
14:434–448.
10. Buttiaux, R. 1959. The value of the association Escherichiae–Group D streptococci in the diagnosis of contamination in
foods. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 22:153–158.
11. Buttiaux, R., and D.A.A. Mossel. 1961. The significance of various organisms of faecal origin in foods and drinking water.
J. Appl. Bacteriol. 24:353–364.
12. Calci, K.R., W. Burkhardt, III, W.D. Watkins, and S.R. Rippey. 1998. Occurrence of male-specific bacteriophage in feral
and domestic animal wastes, human feces, and human-associated wastewaters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:5027–5029.
13. Chai, T.-J., T.-J. Han, R.R. Cockey, and P.C. Henry. 1990. Microbiological studies of Chesapeake Bay soft-shell clams
(Myarenaria). J. Food Protect. 53:1052–1057.
14. Collins, M.D., D. Jones, J.A.E. Farrow, R. Kilpper-Balz, and K.H. Schleifer. 1984. Enterococcus avium nom. rev., comb.
nov.; E. casseliflavus nom. ref., comb. nov.; E. durans nom. rev., comb. nov.; E. gallinarum comb. nov.; and E. malodoratus
sp. nov. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 34:220–223.
15. Collins, MD., R.R. Facklam, J.A.E. Farrow, and R. Williamson. 1989. Enterococcus raffinosus sp. nov.; Enterococcus
solitarus sp. nov. and Enterococcus pseudoavium sp. nov. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 57:283–288.
16. Colwell, R.R., R.J. Seidler, J. Kaper, S.W. Joseph, S. Garves, H. Lockman, D. Maneval, H. Bradford, N. Roberts,
E. Remmers, I. Huq, and A. Hug. 1981. Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae serotype 01 in Maryland and Louisiana estuaries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:555–558.
17. DePaola, A., S. McLeroy, and G. McManus. 1997. Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus phage in oyster tissues and other
estuarine habitats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2464–2467.
18. DePaola, A., M.L. Motes, A.M. Chan, and C.A. Suttle 1998. Phages infecting Vibrio vulnificus are abundant and diverse
in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) collected from the Gulf of Mexico. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:346–351.
19. Devriese, L.A., B. Pot, L. Van Damme, K. Kersters, and F. Haesebrouck. 1995. Identification of Enterococcus species
isolated from foods of animal origin. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 26:187–197.
20. Devriese, L.A., A. van de Kerckhove, R. Kilpper-Balz, and K.H. Schleifer 1987. Characterization and identification of
Enterococcus species isolated from the intestines of animals. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 37:257–259.
milk, their generation times, and milk storage temperature. With these and other relevant data subjected
to an appropriate statistical package, it was found that 2.1
◦ C decreases in milk storage temperature
significantly increased simulated shelf life and even more so with one-half log 10 decreases in microbial
load.
76 If enough parameters are known about a given foodborne pathogen, Monte Carlo Simulation
may be used to predict growth of the pathogen and disease outcome.
REFERENCES
1. Ackland, M.R., E.R. Trewhella, J. Reeder, and F.G. Bean. 1981. The detection of microbial spoilage in canned foods using
thin-layer chromatography. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 51:277–281.
2. Adams, M.R., and M.O. Moss. 2000. Food Microbiology, 2nd ed. New York: Springer.
3. Ahmed, A., and J.R. Matches. 1983. Alcohol production by fish spoilage bacteria. J. Food Protect. 46:1055–1069.
4. American Public Health Association. 1985. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 16th ed.
Washington, DC: APHA.
5. Beerens, H. 1998. Bifidobacteria as indicators of faecal contamination in meat and meat products: Detection, determination
of origin and comparison with Escherichia coli. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 40:203–207.
6. Brenner, D.J., B.R. Davis, A.G. Steigerwalt, G.R. Fanning, C.F. Riddle, A.C. McWhorter, S.D. Allen, J.J. Farmer, III,
and Y. Saitoh. 1982a. Atypical biogroups of Escherichia coli found in clinical specimens and description of Escherichia
hermannii sp. nov. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:703–713.
7. Brenner, D.J., A.C. McWhorter, J.K.L. Knutson, and A.G. Steigerwalt. 1982b. Escherichia vulneris: A new species of
Enterobacteriaceae associated with human wounds. J. Clin. Microbiol. 15:1133–1140.
8. Buchanan, R.L., and J.G. Phillips. 1990. Response surface model for predicting the effects of temperature, pH, sodium
chloride, sodium nitrite concentrations and atmosphere on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes. J. Food Protect. 53:370–
376, 381.
9. Burton, M.C. 1949. Comparison of coliform and enterococcus organisms as indices of pollution in frozen foods. Food Res.
14:434–448.
10. Buttiaux, R. 1959. The value of the association Escherichiae–Group D streptococci in the diagnosis of contamination in
foods. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 22:153–158.
11. Buttiaux, R., and D.A.A. Mossel. 1961. The significance of various organisms of faecal origin in foods and drinking water.
J. Appl. Bacteriol. 24:353–364.
12. Calci, K.R., W. Burkhardt, III, W.D. Watkins, and S.R. Rippey. 1998. Occurrence of male-specific bacteriophage in feral
and domestic animal wastes, human feces, and human-associated wastewaters. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:5027–5029.
13. Chai, T.-J., T.-J. Han, R.R. Cockey, and P.C. Henry. 1990. Microbiological studies of Chesapeake Bay soft-shell clams
(Myarenaria). J. Food Protect. 53:1052–1057.
14. Collins, M.D., D. Jones, J.A.E. Farrow, R. Kilpper-Balz, and K.H. Schleifer. 1984. Enterococcus avium nom. rev., comb.
nov.; E. casseliflavus nom. ref., comb. nov.; E. durans nom. rev., comb. nov.; E. gallinarum comb. nov.; and E. malodoratus
sp. nov. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 34:220–223.
15. Collins, MD., R.R. Facklam, J.A.E. Farrow, and R. Williamson. 1989. Enterococcus raffinosus sp. nov.; Enterococcus
solitarus sp. nov. and Enterococcus pseudoavium sp. nov. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 57:283–288.
16. Colwell, R.R., R.J. Seidler, J. Kaper, S.W. Joseph, S. Garves, H. Lockman, D. Maneval, H. Bradford, N. Roberts,
E. Remmers, I. Huq, and A. Hug. 1981. Occurrence of Vibrio cholerae serotype 01 in Maryland and Louisiana estuaries. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 41:555–558.
17. DePaola, A., S. McLeroy, and G. McManus. 1997. Distribution of Vibrio vulnificus phage in oyster tissues and other
estuarine habitats. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2464–2467.
18. DePaola, A., M.L. Motes, A.M. Chan, and C.A. Suttle 1998. Phages infecting Vibrio vulnificus are abundant and diverse
in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) collected from the Gulf of Mexico. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64:346–351.
19. Devriese, L.A., B. Pot, L. Van Damme, K. Kersters, and F. Haesebrouck. 1995. Identification of Enterococcus species
isolated from foods of animal origin. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 26:187–197.
20. Devriese, L.A., A. van de Kerckhove, R. Kilpper-Balz, and K.H. Schleifer 1987. Characterization and identification of
Enterococcus species isolated from the intestines of animals. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 37:257–259.