Culture, Microscopic, and Sampling Methods
239
103. Ramaiah, N., J. Ravel, W.L. Straube, R.T. Hill, and R.R. Colwell. 2002. Entry of Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fischeri into
the viable but nonculturable state. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93:108–116.
104. Rao, D.N., and V.S. Murthy. 1986. Rapid dye reduction tests for the determination of microbiological quality of meat. J.
Food Technol. 21:151–157.
105. Reyniers, J.A. 1935. Mechanising the viable count. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 40:437–454.
106. Rodrigues, U.M., and R.G. Kroll. 1989. Microcolony epifluorescence microscopy for selective enumeration of injured
bacteria in frozen and heat-treated foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:778–787.
107. Rodrigues, U.M., and R.G. Kroll. 1988. Rapid selective enumeration of bacteria in foods using a microcolony epifluorescence microscopy technique. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 64:65–78.
108. Rodrigues, U.M., and R.G. Kroll. 1985. The direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT): Increased selectivity, sensitivity
and rapidity. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 59:493–499.
109. Rollins, D.M., and R.R. Colwell. 1986. Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in
the natural aquatic environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:531–538.
110. Rowley, D.B., R. Firstenberg-Eden, and G.E. Shattuck. 1983. Radiation-injured Clostridium botulinum type E spores:
Outgrowth and repair. J. Food Sci. 48:1829–1831, 1848.
111. Saffle, R.L., K.N. May, H.A. Hamid, and J.D. Irby. 1961. Comparing three rapid methods of detecting spoilage in meat.
Food Technol. 15:465–467.
112. Scott, E., S.F. Bloomfield, and C.G. Barlow. 1984. A comparison of contact plate and calcium alginate swab techniques
of environmental surfaces. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 56:317–320.
113. Sharpe, A.N., and G.C. Harshman. 1976. Recovery of Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and molds from
foods by the Stomacher: Effect of fat content, surfactant concentration, and blending time. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol.
J. 9:30–34.
114. Sharpe, A.N., and A.K. Jackson. 1972. Stomaching: A new concept in bacteriological sample preparation. Appl. Microbiol.
24:175–178.
115. Sharpe, A.N., and D.C. Kilsby. 1971. A rapid, inexpensive bacterial count technique using agar droplets. J. Appl. Bacteriol.
34:435–440.
116. Sharpe, A.N., M.P. Diotte, I. Dudas, S. Malcolm, and P.I. Peterkin. 1983. Colony counting on hydrophobic grid-membrane
filters. Can. J. Microbiol. 29:797–802.
117. Sharpe, A.N., P.I. Peterkin, and N. Malik. 1979. Improved detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in foods by a
membrane filter method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:431–435.
118. Sharpe, A.N., and G.L. Michaud. 1974. Hydrophobic grid-membrane filters: New approach to microbiological enumeration. Appl. Microbiol. 28:223–225.
119. Sharpe, A.N., and G.L. Michaud. 1975. Enumeration of high numbers of bacteria using hydrophobic grid membrane
filters. Appl. Microbiol. 30:519–524.
120. Shaw, B.G., C.D. Harding, W.H. Hudson, and L. Farr. 1987. Rapid estimation of microbial numbers on meat and poultry
by direct epifluorescent filter technique. J. Food Protect. 50:652–657.
121. Silliker, J.H., D.A. Gabis, and A. May. 1979. ICMSF methods studies. XI. Collaborative/comparative studies on determination of coliforms using the most probable number procedure. J. Food Protect. 42:638–644.
122. Smith, J.L., R.C. Benedict, M. Haas, and S.A. Palumbo. 1983. Heat injury in Staphylococcus aureus 196E: Protection by
metabolizable and non-metabolizable sugars and polyols. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:1417–1419.
123. Speck, M.L., B. Ray, and R.B. Read, Jr. 1975. Repair and enumeration of injured coliforms by a plating procedure. Appl.
Microbiol. 29:549–550.
124. Szabo, R.A., E.C.D. Todd, and A. Jean. 1986. Method to isolate Escherichia coli O157:H7 from food. J. Food Protect.
49:768–772.
125. ten Cate, L. 1963. An easy and rapid bacteriological control method in meat processing industries using agar sausage
techniques in Rilsan artificial casing. Fleischwarts. 15:483–486.
126. Todd, E.C.D., R.A. Szabo, P. Peterkin, A. N. Sharpe, L. Parrington, D. Bundle, M.A.J. Gidney, and M.B. Perry. 1988. Rapid
hydrophobic grid membrane filter-enzyme-labeled antibody procedure for identification and enumeration of Escherichia
coli O157 in foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2526–2540.
127. Tomlins, R.I., M.D. Pierson, and Z.J. Ordal. 1971. Effect of thermal injury on the TCA cycle enzymes of Staphylococcus
aureus MF 31 and Salmonella Typhimurium 7136. Can. J. Microbiol. 17:759–765.
239
103. Ramaiah, N., J. Ravel, W.L. Straube, R.T. Hill, and R.R. Colwell. 2002. Entry of Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio fischeri into
the viable but nonculturable state. J. Appl. Microbiol. 93:108–116.
104. Rao, D.N., and V.S. Murthy. 1986. Rapid dye reduction tests for the determination of microbiological quality of meat. J.
Food Technol. 21:151–157.
105. Reyniers, J.A. 1935. Mechanising the viable count. J. Pathol. Bacteriol. 40:437–454.
106. Rodrigues, U.M., and R.G. Kroll. 1989. Microcolony epifluorescence microscopy for selective enumeration of injured
bacteria in frozen and heat-treated foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:778–787.
107. Rodrigues, U.M., and R.G. Kroll. 1988. Rapid selective enumeration of bacteria in foods using a microcolony epifluorescence microscopy technique. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 64:65–78.
108. Rodrigues, U.M., and R.G. Kroll. 1985. The direct epifluorescent filter technique (DEFT): Increased selectivity, sensitivity
and rapidity. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 59:493–499.
109. Rollins, D.M., and R.R. Colwell. 1986. Viable but nonculturable stage of Campylobacter jejuni and its role in survival in
the natural aquatic environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:531–538.
110. Rowley, D.B., R. Firstenberg-Eden, and G.E. Shattuck. 1983. Radiation-injured Clostridium botulinum type E spores:
Outgrowth and repair. J. Food Sci. 48:1829–1831, 1848.
111. Saffle, R.L., K.N. May, H.A. Hamid, and J.D. Irby. 1961. Comparing three rapid methods of detecting spoilage in meat.
Food Technol. 15:465–467.
112. Scott, E., S.F. Bloomfield, and C.G. Barlow. 1984. A comparison of contact plate and calcium alginate swab techniques
of environmental surfaces. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 56:317–320.
113. Sharpe, A.N., and G.C. Harshman. 1976. Recovery of Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus aureus, and molds from
foods by the Stomacher: Effect of fat content, surfactant concentration, and blending time. Can. Inst. Food Sci. Technol.
J. 9:30–34.
114. Sharpe, A.N., and A.K. Jackson. 1972. Stomaching: A new concept in bacteriological sample preparation. Appl. Microbiol.
24:175–178.
115. Sharpe, A.N., and D.C. Kilsby. 1971. A rapid, inexpensive bacterial count technique using agar droplets. J. Appl. Bacteriol.
34:435–440.
116. Sharpe, A.N., M.P. Diotte, I. Dudas, S. Malcolm, and P.I. Peterkin. 1983. Colony counting on hydrophobic grid-membrane
filters. Can. J. Microbiol. 29:797–802.
117. Sharpe, A.N., P.I. Peterkin, and N. Malik. 1979. Improved detection of coliforms and Escherichia coli in foods by a
membrane filter method. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 38:431–435.
118. Sharpe, A.N., and G.L. Michaud. 1974. Hydrophobic grid-membrane filters: New approach to microbiological enumeration. Appl. Microbiol. 28:223–225.
119. Sharpe, A.N., and G.L. Michaud. 1975. Enumeration of high numbers of bacteria using hydrophobic grid membrane
filters. Appl. Microbiol. 30:519–524.
120. Shaw, B.G., C.D. Harding, W.H. Hudson, and L. Farr. 1987. Rapid estimation of microbial numbers on meat and poultry
by direct epifluorescent filter technique. J. Food Protect. 50:652–657.
121. Silliker, J.H., D.A. Gabis, and A. May. 1979. ICMSF methods studies. XI. Collaborative/comparative studies on determination of coliforms using the most probable number procedure. J. Food Protect. 42:638–644.
122. Smith, J.L., R.C. Benedict, M. Haas, and S.A. Palumbo. 1983. Heat injury in Staphylococcus aureus 196E: Protection by
metabolizable and non-metabolizable sugars and polyols. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 46:1417–1419.
123. Speck, M.L., B. Ray, and R.B. Read, Jr. 1975. Repair and enumeration of injured coliforms by a plating procedure. Appl.
Microbiol. 29:549–550.
124. Szabo, R.A., E.C.D. Todd, and A. Jean. 1986. Method to isolate Escherichia coli O157:H7 from food. J. Food Protect.
49:768–772.
125. ten Cate, L. 1963. An easy and rapid bacteriological control method in meat processing industries using agar sausage
techniques in Rilsan artificial casing. Fleischwarts. 15:483–486.
126. Todd, E.C.D., R.A. Szabo, P. Peterkin, A. N. Sharpe, L. Parrington, D. Bundle, M.A.J. Gidney, and M.B. Perry. 1988. Rapid
hydrophobic grid membrane filter-enzyme-labeled antibody procedure for identification and enumeration of Escherichia
coli O157 in foods. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54:2526–2540.
127. Tomlins, R.I., M.D. Pierson, and Z.J. Ordal. 1971. Effect of thermal injury on the TCA cycle enzymes of Staphylococcus
aureus MF 31 and Salmonella Typhimurium 7136. Can. J. Microbiol. 17:759–765.