118
E. Emekdar and U. K. ¸
Sahin
Ten and Li evaluated adsorption of methylene orange52 (C 14 H 14 N 3 NaO 3 S) by
using raw and activated montmorillonite with HCl. With using BET and XRD at
experiments, it was examined that adsorption capacity of modified clay with HCl
because of substitution of Fe
2+ and Al
3+ ions at montmorillonite with H
+ ions as a
result of activation with HCl, the distance between layers of clays are decreased, and
crystallization degree of raw clay is more than activated clay with HCl [48].
Karagözo˘ glu et al. worked on kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic parameters of
Astrazon Blue (FGRL) adsorption from aqueous solutions with different concentrations between 100 and 300 mg/L, temperature (303–323 °K) and adsorbent dosages
by using sepiolite, flying clay, and the carbonated seed of apricot and analyzed by
using Perkin Elmer UV-visible spectrophotometer. It was observed that the adsorbed
dyestuff amount for each clay increased when initial dye concentration and adsorbent
amount increase. With the use of thermodynamic parameters, it also came to light that
adsorption amount increased when the temperature was increased, and adsorption
processes are endothermic [49].
Gürses et al. examined changes of remaining methylene blue which is a cationic
dyestuff from aqueous solutions by using montmorillonite and nontronite clay
according to pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, mixture ratio, and adsorbent
amount. Firstly, the chemical composition of clay was determined. In this study, it was
understood that adsorption tends to be a balance of approximately 60 min. Maximum
dye removing with 100 mg/L initial concentration was 58.2 mg/g. Increasing in dye
concentration increased the adsorption capacity. Adsorption capacity increased at
the range of 20–40 °C, while it decreased at the range of 40–60 °C. At pH 3 and 7,
minimum adsorption value was observed, while the maximum adsorption value was
seen at pH 1 and 5.6 [50].
Weng and Pan searched on methylene blue adsorption characteristics of active clay
on the mud that was formed from a waste of an oil producer for food. The structure
of clay was determined by SEM. Removing of methylene blue was increased with
increased pH. Adsorption of methylene blue was increased with increased temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity of active clay which is treated under high
pressure is 2.44 × 10
–4 mol/g, pH 5.5, and 25 °C [51].
5.2 Cellulose and Its Derivatives
Cellulose is a widely used polymer around the world in various forms because it is
a very common polymer, and it is easy to reach work on. It has many types, and all
modifications can be done according to the usage.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is anionic water-soluble cellulose ether that is
used in various industries including personal care, food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
textile, drilling fluids as well as paper. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is nearly
always present in the market as the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), and it is water-soluble and prefered to use in this form, a property enhanced
by its ionic nature. When it is acidic, it is insoluble. It has an average degree of
E. Emekdar and U. K. ¸
Sahin
Ten and Li evaluated adsorption of methylene orange52 (C 14 H 14 N 3 NaO 3 S) by
using raw and activated montmorillonite with HCl. With using BET and XRD at
experiments, it was examined that adsorption capacity of modified clay with HCl
because of substitution of Fe
2+ and Al
3+ ions at montmorillonite with H
+ ions as a
result of activation with HCl, the distance between layers of clays are decreased, and
crystallization degree of raw clay is more than activated clay with HCl [48].
Karagözo˘ glu et al. worked on kinetic, isotherm, and thermodynamic parameters of
Astrazon Blue (FGRL) adsorption from aqueous solutions with different concentrations between 100 and 300 mg/L, temperature (303–323 °K) and adsorbent dosages
by using sepiolite, flying clay, and the carbonated seed of apricot and analyzed by
using Perkin Elmer UV-visible spectrophotometer. It was observed that the adsorbed
dyestuff amount for each clay increased when initial dye concentration and adsorbent
amount increase. With the use of thermodynamic parameters, it also came to light that
adsorption amount increased when the temperature was increased, and adsorption
processes are endothermic [49].
Gürses et al. examined changes of remaining methylene blue which is a cationic
dyestuff from aqueous solutions by using montmorillonite and nontronite clay
according to pH, temperature, initial dye concentration, mixture ratio, and adsorbent
amount. Firstly, the chemical composition of clay was determined. In this study, it was
understood that adsorption tends to be a balance of approximately 60 min. Maximum
dye removing with 100 mg/L initial concentration was 58.2 mg/g. Increasing in dye
concentration increased the adsorption capacity. Adsorption capacity increased at
the range of 20–40 °C, while it decreased at the range of 40–60 °C. At pH 3 and 7,
minimum adsorption value was observed, while the maximum adsorption value was
seen at pH 1 and 5.6 [50].
Weng and Pan searched on methylene blue adsorption characteristics of active clay
on the mud that was formed from a waste of an oil producer for food. The structure
of clay was determined by SEM. Removing of methylene blue was increased with
increased pH. Adsorption of methylene blue was increased with increased temperature. The maximum adsorption capacity of active clay which is treated under high
pressure is 2.44 × 10
–4 mol/g, pH 5.5, and 25 °C [51].
5.2 Cellulose and Its Derivatives
Cellulose is a widely used polymer around the world in various forms because it is
a very common polymer, and it is easy to reach work on. It has many types, and all
modifications can be done according to the usage.
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is anionic water-soluble cellulose ether that is
used in various industries including personal care, food, chemicals, pharmaceuticals,
textile, drilling fluids as well as paper. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is nearly
always present in the market as the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC), and it is water-soluble and prefered to use in this form, a property enhanced
by its ionic nature. When it is acidic, it is insoluble. It has an average degree of