106
E. Emekdar and U. K. ¸
Sahin
In this study, general refining methods for wastewater treatment, textile wastewater characteristics, and selection of refining processes depending on wastewater
characteristics are explained, and alternative composite structures applicable as well
as needs for these alternatives are discussed. Finally, a case study on a novel dyestuff
adsorbing nanocomposite is evaluated.
2 Wastewater Refining
Refining is impurity elimination from waste to turn it into more suitable forms. In
the case of a wastewater refining, it is clarifying wastewater, which is a result of an
industrial process, by removing undesired particles from the process environment,
end products, and by-products. Refining is very important for both discharging and
saving according to regulations and standards because it is a preliminary stage of
both of them. Quality of wastewater must be increased; contaminants, color, and
odor of the water must be removed, and it is turned into suitable levels. Refinement
is a series of clearing processes; refinement wastes as in mud or liquid form must
be disposed of suitably, and this needs an extra disposing strategy. There are certain
types of refining, but the application of those changes according to characteristics of
the wastewater. There are three main types of refining methods as physical refining,
oxidative refining, and biological refining. According to the wastewater characteristics, some methods can be applied or all of them can be used in a combination.
In a refining step, material elimination starts from bigger particles to tiny particles
and chemicals. Generally, first, solid particles are eliminated by using different sizes
of grids; then, oxidative/chemical and biological treatments are carried to eliminate
small contaminants, color, and odor [13].
Textile wastewater includes many textile fibers, chemicals, and dyestuff, and it
is more complex to refine; thus, different refining combinations are applied, and it
brings a huge refining process with long time consumption. All these different impurities produce huge chemical loads, and they must be removed carefully for yielding
more clear wastewater to discharge in limits or reuse in more suitable applications.
According to applied textile processes and characteristics of the resultant wastewater, one or more refining processes that are mentioned in Fig. 2 can be selected,
and in these steps, using more functional agents as dye adsorbing composites could
decrease the total number of refining steps demanded and time consumption with
the increase of efficiencies.
2.1 Physical Refining Methods
Physical refining is eliminating the particles in the wastewater by using different
sizes of physical equipment. It is generally the primary refining step because, firstly,
bigger particles must be removed as fabric pieces, fibers, some metallic particles,
E. Emekdar and U. K. ¸
Sahin
In this study, general refining methods for wastewater treatment, textile wastewater characteristics, and selection of refining processes depending on wastewater
characteristics are explained, and alternative composite structures applicable as well
as needs for these alternatives are discussed. Finally, a case study on a novel dyestuff
adsorbing nanocomposite is evaluated.
2 Wastewater Refining
Refining is impurity elimination from waste to turn it into more suitable forms. In
the case of a wastewater refining, it is clarifying wastewater, which is a result of an
industrial process, by removing undesired particles from the process environment,
end products, and by-products. Refining is very important for both discharging and
saving according to regulations and standards because it is a preliminary stage of
both of them. Quality of wastewater must be increased; contaminants, color, and
odor of the water must be removed, and it is turned into suitable levels. Refinement
is a series of clearing processes; refinement wastes as in mud or liquid form must
be disposed of suitably, and this needs an extra disposing strategy. There are certain
types of refining, but the application of those changes according to characteristics of
the wastewater. There are three main types of refining methods as physical refining,
oxidative refining, and biological refining. According to the wastewater characteristics, some methods can be applied or all of them can be used in a combination.
In a refining step, material elimination starts from bigger particles to tiny particles
and chemicals. Generally, first, solid particles are eliminated by using different sizes
of grids; then, oxidative/chemical and biological treatments are carried to eliminate
small contaminants, color, and odor [13].
Textile wastewater includes many textile fibers, chemicals, and dyestuff, and it
is more complex to refine; thus, different refining combinations are applied, and it
brings a huge refining process with long time consumption. All these different impurities produce huge chemical loads, and they must be removed carefully for yielding
more clear wastewater to discharge in limits or reuse in more suitable applications.
According to applied textile processes and characteristics of the resultant wastewater, one or more refining processes that are mentioned in Fig. 2 can be selected,
and in these steps, using more functional agents as dye adsorbing composites could
decrease the total number of refining steps demanded and time consumption with
the increase of efficiencies.
2.1 Physical Refining Methods
Physical refining is eliminating the particles in the wastewater by using different
sizes of physical equipment. It is generally the primary refining step because, firstly,
bigger particles must be removed as fabric pieces, fibers, some metallic particles,