Dyestuff Adsorbing Natural Composites
for Wastewater Treatments
E. Emekdar and U. K. ¸
Sahin
Abstract Environmental concerns gain importance with the increase in the lack of
sources on the world. Especially, the textile industry has many contaminating effects
on the environment, and the most important one is wastewater problems related to the
high chemical load that is coming from textile processes and high water consumption.
To eliminate the adverse results of textile wastewater discharges and high usages,
wastewater must refine before discharging and must reuse in suitable processes.
Refining processes are very valuable for decreasing the contaminants in wastewater, but these processes need extra cost, time, production place, and investments.
Multifunctional agents as adsorbing composites can provide many advantages to
refining processes and alternative reuse strategies and environmental conservation.
In this chapter, the needs for refinement and types of refining processes are evaluated
first. Then, adsorbent materials and their composites are detailed with properties,
production stages, and usages. Finally, this chapter offers an alternative adsorbent
composite production and usage study based on clay and modified chitosan.
Keywords Textile wastewater · Refining processes · Dyestuff adsorbing
composites · Clay · Chitosan · Cellulose derivatives · Biochar · Biopolymers
1 Introduction
Water sources are decreasing day by day with various reasons as increasing human
population, global warming, uncontrolled water consumption, water contamination,
etc. The human population increase and global warming are indirect reasons and
more related to the balance of nature. Water consumption and contamination are
direct reasons for source decrease, and they are related to human behavior directly
and can be controlled or limited by environmental awareness. Water consumption
was 1041 billion liters per day for surface water sources and 3002 billion liters per
E. Emekdar (B) · U. K. ¸
Sahin
Textile Engineering Department, Textile Technologies and Design Faculty, Istanbul Technical
University, ˙ Inönü Cad. No: 65, Beyo˘ glu, ˙ Istanbul, Turkey
e-mail: emekdar@itu.edu.tr
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
S. S. Muthu (ed.), Advances in Textile Waste Water Treatments,
Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0065-4_4
103
for Wastewater Treatments
E. Emekdar and U. K. ¸
Sahin
Abstract Environmental concerns gain importance with the increase in the lack of
sources on the world. Especially, the textile industry has many contaminating effects
on the environment, and the most important one is wastewater problems related to the
high chemical load that is coming from textile processes and high water consumption.
To eliminate the adverse results of textile wastewater discharges and high usages,
wastewater must refine before discharging and must reuse in suitable processes.
Refining processes are very valuable for decreasing the contaminants in wastewater, but these processes need extra cost, time, production place, and investments.
Multifunctional agents as adsorbing composites can provide many advantages to
refining processes and alternative reuse strategies and environmental conservation.
In this chapter, the needs for refinement and types of refining processes are evaluated
first. Then, adsorbent materials and their composites are detailed with properties,
production stages, and usages. Finally, this chapter offers an alternative adsorbent
composite production and usage study based on clay and modified chitosan.
Keywords Textile wastewater · Refining processes · Dyestuff adsorbing
composites · Clay · Chitosan · Cellulose derivatives · Biochar · Biopolymers
1 Introduction
Water sources are decreasing day by day with various reasons as increasing human
population, global warming, uncontrolled water consumption, water contamination,
etc. The human population increase and global warming are indirect reasons and
more related to the balance of nature. Water consumption and contamination are
direct reasons for source decrease, and they are related to human behavior directly
and can be controlled or limited by environmental awareness. Water consumption
was 1041 billion liters per day for surface water sources and 3002 billion liters per
E. Emekdar (B) · U. K. ¸
Sahin
Textile Engineering Department, Textile Technologies and Design Faculty, Istanbul Technical
University, ˙ Inönü Cad. No: 65, Beyo˘ glu, ˙ Istanbul, Turkey
e-mail: emekdar@itu.edu.tr
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
S. S. Muthu (ed.), Advances in Textile Waste Water Treatments,
Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0065-4_4
103