References
1. Kaya HK, Gaugler R (1993) Entomopathogenic nematodes. Annu Rev Entomol
38:181–206
2. Cranshaw WS, Zimmerman R (2013) Insect
parasitic nematodes. Fact sheet no. 5.573.
Colorado State University extension
3. Poinar GO (1983) The natural history of
nematodes. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
NJ, 323 pp
4. Poinar GO Jr (1993) Origins and phylogenetic relationships of the entomophilic rhabditids, Heterorhabditis and Steinernema.
Fundam Appl Nematol 16:333–338
5. Adams BJ, Burnell AM, Powers TO (1998) A
phylogenetic analysis of Heterorhabditis
(Nemata: Rhabditidae) based on internal
transcribed spacer 1 DNA sequence data. J
Nematol 30(1):22–39
6. Blaxter ML, De Ley P, Garey JR, Liu LX,
Scheldeman P, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren JR,
Mackey LY, Dorris M, Frisse LM (1998) A
molecular evolutionary framework for the
phylum Nematoda. Nature 392:71–75
7. Liu J, Berry R, Poinar G, Moldenke A (1997)
Phylogeny of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus species and strains as determined by comparison of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences.
Int J Syst Bacteriol 47(4):948–951
8. Sudhaus W (1993) Redescription of Rhabditis (Oscheius) tipulae (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) associated with leatherjackets, larvae of
Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae). Nematologica 39:234–239
9. Poinar GO, Grewal PS (2012) History of
entomopathogenic nematology. J Nematol
44(2):153–161
10. Koppenho ¨fer HS (2007) Bacterial symbionts
of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. In:
Nguyen KB, Hunt DJ (eds) Entomopathogenic nematodes: systematics, phylogeny and
bacterial symbionts. Brill NV, Leiden
11. Stock SP (2015) Diversity, biology and evolutionary relationships. In: Campos-Herrera R
(ed) Nematode pathogenesis of insects and
other pests: ecology and applied technologies
for sustainable plant and crop protection.
Springer International Publishing, Neucha ˆtel,
Switzerland, pp 3–27
12. Tailliez P, Laroui C, Ginibre N, Paule A,
Pages S, Boemare N (2010) Phylogeny of
Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus based on
universally
conserved
protein-coding
sequences and implications for the taxonomy
of these two genera. Proposal of new taxa.
X. vietnamensis sp. nov., P. luminescens
subsp.
caribbeanensis
subsp.
nov.,
P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis subsp.
nov., P. temperata subsp. khanii subsp. nov.,
P. temperata subsp. tasmaniensis subsp. nov.,
and the reclassification of P. luminescens
subsp. thracensis as P. temperata subsp. thracensis comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60
(8):1921–1937
13. Sajnaga E, Kazimierczak W (2020) Evolution
and taxonomy of nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: an overview.
Symbiosis 80:1–13
14. Glaser RW, Fox H (1930) A nematode parasite of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica
Newm.). Science 71:16–17
15. Weiser J (1955) Neoaplectana carpocapsae
n. sp. (Anguillata, Steinernematidae) novy
S. Sivaramakrishnan and M. Razia, Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Symbiotic Bacteria, Springer Protocols Handbooks,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1445-7,
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
163
1. Kaya HK, Gaugler R (1993) Entomopathogenic nematodes. Annu Rev Entomol
38:181–206
2. Cranshaw WS, Zimmerman R (2013) Insect
parasitic nematodes. Fact sheet no. 5.573.
Colorado State University extension
3. Poinar GO (1983) The natural history of
nematodes. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
NJ, 323 pp
4. Poinar GO Jr (1993) Origins and phylogenetic relationships of the entomophilic rhabditids, Heterorhabditis and Steinernema.
Fundam Appl Nematol 16:333–338
5. Adams BJ, Burnell AM, Powers TO (1998) A
phylogenetic analysis of Heterorhabditis
(Nemata: Rhabditidae) based on internal
transcribed spacer 1 DNA sequence data. J
Nematol 30(1):22–39
6. Blaxter ML, De Ley P, Garey JR, Liu LX,
Scheldeman P, Vierstraete A, Vanfleteren JR,
Mackey LY, Dorris M, Frisse LM (1998) A
molecular evolutionary framework for the
phylum Nematoda. Nature 392:71–75
7. Liu J, Berry R, Poinar G, Moldenke A (1997)
Phylogeny of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus species and strains as determined by comparison of partial 16S rRNA gene sequences.
Int J Syst Bacteriol 47(4):948–951
8. Sudhaus W (1993) Redescription of Rhabditis (Oscheius) tipulae (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) associated with leatherjackets, larvae of
Tipula paludosa (Diptera: Tipulidae). Nematologica 39:234–239
9. Poinar GO, Grewal PS (2012) History of
entomopathogenic nematology. J Nematol
44(2):153–161
10. Koppenho ¨fer HS (2007) Bacterial symbionts
of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. In:
Nguyen KB, Hunt DJ (eds) Entomopathogenic nematodes: systematics, phylogeny and
bacterial symbionts. Brill NV, Leiden
11. Stock SP (2015) Diversity, biology and evolutionary relationships. In: Campos-Herrera R
(ed) Nematode pathogenesis of insects and
other pests: ecology and applied technologies
for sustainable plant and crop protection.
Springer International Publishing, Neucha ˆtel,
Switzerland, pp 3–27
12. Tailliez P, Laroui C, Ginibre N, Paule A,
Pages S, Boemare N (2010) Phylogeny of
Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus based on
universally
conserved
protein-coding
sequences and implications for the taxonomy
of these two genera. Proposal of new taxa.
X. vietnamensis sp. nov., P. luminescens
subsp.
caribbeanensis
subsp.
nov.,
P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis subsp.
nov., P. temperata subsp. khanii subsp. nov.,
P. temperata subsp. tasmaniensis subsp. nov.,
and the reclassification of P. luminescens
subsp. thracensis as P. temperata subsp. thracensis comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60
(8):1921–1937
13. Sajnaga E, Kazimierczak W (2020) Evolution
and taxonomy of nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: an overview.
Symbiosis 80:1–13
14. Glaser RW, Fox H (1930) A nematode parasite of the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica
Newm.). Science 71:16–17
15. Weiser J (1955) Neoaplectana carpocapsae
n. sp. (Anguillata, Steinernematidae) novy
S. Sivaramakrishnan and M. Razia, Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Symbiotic Bacteria, Springer Protocols Handbooks,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1445-7,
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2021
163