l
Preparation to retard dryness and exploitation of cold-tolerant
nematode strains has enhanced efficacy [239, 240].
1 Cryptic Habitats
l
A horde of insect pests exploit cryptic environments for all or a
percentage of their life cycle. These environments include leaf
litter, under bark, within galleries, nut mummies, buds and
flowers, fruit bins, cracks and crevices of structures, and quite a
few others [241].
l
In the defense of such locations entomopathogenic nematodes
are less susceptible to dehydration and more probable to find a
host than in unprotected habitats.
l
In several crops and environments, nematodes have showed
satisfactory control against several insect species.
l
Codling moth exploits cryptic environments for most of its
evolving stages. Mature fifth instars exit the fruit and seek sites
in which to spin their cocoons such as below and within the bark
of trees, fissures in wooden supports, leaf litter and other cryptic
habitats. Hibernating by mature larvae that leave the fruit in late
summer or early fall occurs in these habitats and pupation succeeds the following spring.
l
Field trials with S. carpocapsae and additional nematode species
against diapausing codling moth larvae in natural and artificial
substrates have confirmed the usefulness of nematodes for codling moth control [239, 242, 243].
l
Siegel et al. [244] validated efficacy of nematodes, especially
S. carpocapsae, for control of the navel orangeworm beyond
that of sanitation and plowing.
1.1 Field Experiment
To assess the efficacy of EPNs on codling moth control.
1.1.1 Materials Required
l
Infested trees with codling moth.
l
Nematode IJ suspension.
l
Shoulder pump sprayer.
1.1.2 Procedure
1. Select 10 infested trees.
2. Fill the shoulder pump sprayers with 300 ml solution of IJ
suspension (1000 IJs/ml).
3. Apply the suspension on tree trunks with the sprayer.
4. Leave the trees to dry for 24 h after application.
154
Application Efficacy Against Insects in Other Than Soil Habitats
Preparation to retard dryness and exploitation of cold-tolerant
nematode strains has enhanced efficacy [239, 240].
1 Cryptic Habitats
l
A horde of insect pests exploit cryptic environments for all or a
percentage of their life cycle. These environments include leaf
litter, under bark, within galleries, nut mummies, buds and
flowers, fruit bins, cracks and crevices of structures, and quite a
few others [241].
l
In the defense of such locations entomopathogenic nematodes
are less susceptible to dehydration and more probable to find a
host than in unprotected habitats.
l
In several crops and environments, nematodes have showed
satisfactory control against several insect species.
l
Codling moth exploits cryptic environments for most of its
evolving stages. Mature fifth instars exit the fruit and seek sites
in which to spin their cocoons such as below and within the bark
of trees, fissures in wooden supports, leaf litter and other cryptic
habitats. Hibernating by mature larvae that leave the fruit in late
summer or early fall occurs in these habitats and pupation succeeds the following spring.
l
Field trials with S. carpocapsae and additional nematode species
against diapausing codling moth larvae in natural and artificial
substrates have confirmed the usefulness of nematodes for codling moth control [239, 242, 243].
l
Siegel et al. [244] validated efficacy of nematodes, especially
S. carpocapsae, for control of the navel orangeworm beyond
that of sanitation and plowing.
1.1 Field Experiment
To assess the efficacy of EPNs on codling moth control.
1.1.1 Materials Required
l
Infested trees with codling moth.
l
Nematode IJ suspension.
l
Shoulder pump sprayer.
1.1.2 Procedure
1. Select 10 infested trees.
2. Fill the shoulder pump sprayers with 300 ml solution of IJ
suspension (1000 IJs/ml).
3. Apply the suspension on tree trunks with the sprayer.
4. Leave the trees to dry for 24 h after application.
154
Application Efficacy Against Insects in Other Than Soil Habitats