Organic Fraction of Municipality Waste (OFMSW) Based on the source of
organic matter from well-sorted municipal solid waste, biogas (methane) yield of
~300–400 Nm
3 /tons of VS, and ~80% volatile solids degradation is reported. As
estimated, ~960,000 tons of restaurant food waste in megacities such as Beijing
could generate ~300 million Nm
3 CH 4 (De Clercq et al. 2016).
Sewage Waste Worldwide sewage sludge is generated in enormous quantities, and
mostly treated by anaerobic digestion process, such as in Europe and the United
States. According to US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report in 2007,
>16,000 municipal wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) utilized sewage sludge
to generate biogas and could generate ~1 ft
3 gas from 100 gallons of wastewater/day.
Municipal WWTFs also represent quite lucrative market for the utilisation of fuel
cells, as roughly only 1/3 of municipal WWTFs use produced biogas for different
applications, leaving a strong possibility of its use for fuel cells. The heat produced
by the fuel cell during the operation is quite suitable to be utilized to heat the
digester, for better microbial growth and performance, and this energy input could
also be converted to useful electricity.
3.5.3 Industrial Feedstock
Industry-based feedstock includes food or beverage processing, dairy, starch industry (such as potato chips manufacturing facility), sugarcane industry, pharma and
cosmetic industry, biological industry, tanneries, etc. Among industrial wastes, pulp
and paper waste sludge as a feedstock offers several advantages, due to its high
organic content, and it also provides economic benefit such as lower transport costs.
The methane yield for different sources of pulp and paper waste sludge was reported
to be ~50–200 m
3 /VS added. However, some sort of pretreatment would be required
for such feedstock to decrease the necessary retention time for efficient biogas
production.
Generally, slaughter house waste is chemically similar to household sewage. It is
entirely organic, making it the right feedstock for biogas production process.
Depending on the amount of the material and used methods, the reported methane
yield from slaughterhouse ranges between 160 and 500 dm
3 /kg VS (Castellucci et al.
2013). Tannery industries generate huge amount of stinking wastage, during different steps (fleshing, splitting, and liming-reliming), leaving fleshy and shaving
wastage. For biogas production, a mixture was reported containing fleshy tannery
wastage, thioglycollate broth as anaerobic culture media, and water solution of
carbohydrate and protein. Mesophilic digestion process takes 18–24 days to produce
biogas, containing ~14% of methane gas.
3 Biogas: An Effective and Common Energy Tool – Part I
73
organic matter from well-sorted municipal solid waste, biogas (methane) yield of
~300–400 Nm
3 /tons of VS, and ~80% volatile solids degradation is reported. As
estimated, ~960,000 tons of restaurant food waste in megacities such as Beijing
could generate ~300 million Nm
3 CH 4 (De Clercq et al. 2016).
Sewage Waste Worldwide sewage sludge is generated in enormous quantities, and
mostly treated by anaerobic digestion process, such as in Europe and the United
States. According to US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report in 2007,
>16,000 municipal wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) utilized sewage sludge
to generate biogas and could generate ~1 ft
3 gas from 100 gallons of wastewater/day.
Municipal WWTFs also represent quite lucrative market for the utilisation of fuel
cells, as roughly only 1/3 of municipal WWTFs use produced biogas for different
applications, leaving a strong possibility of its use for fuel cells. The heat produced
by the fuel cell during the operation is quite suitable to be utilized to heat the
digester, for better microbial growth and performance, and this energy input could
also be converted to useful electricity.
3.5.3 Industrial Feedstock
Industry-based feedstock includes food or beverage processing, dairy, starch industry (such as potato chips manufacturing facility), sugarcane industry, pharma and
cosmetic industry, biological industry, tanneries, etc. Among industrial wastes, pulp
and paper waste sludge as a feedstock offers several advantages, due to its high
organic content, and it also provides economic benefit such as lower transport costs.
The methane yield for different sources of pulp and paper waste sludge was reported
to be ~50–200 m
3 /VS added. However, some sort of pretreatment would be required
for such feedstock to decrease the necessary retention time for efficient biogas
production.
Generally, slaughter house waste is chemically similar to household sewage. It is
entirely organic, making it the right feedstock for biogas production process.
Depending on the amount of the material and used methods, the reported methane
yield from slaughterhouse ranges between 160 and 500 dm
3 /kg VS (Castellucci et al.
2013). Tannery industries generate huge amount of stinking wastage, during different steps (fleshing, splitting, and liming-reliming), leaving fleshy and shaving
wastage. For biogas production, a mixture was reported containing fleshy tannery
wastage, thioglycollate broth as anaerobic culture media, and water solution of
carbohydrate and protein. Mesophilic digestion process takes 18–24 days to produce
biogas, containing ~14% of methane gas.
3 Biogas: An Effective and Common Energy Tool – Part I
73