argument as to how a sustainable bio-economy can be established, where natural
resources such as land, green residues and water are employed in the most productive path. Proficient utilisation of renewable lignocellulosic materials for the production of bio-based products and bioenergy would show profits to the environment,
local economy and safety to national energy pools (Zhang 2008; Padmavathi et al.
2012). Agro-wastes are the most copious and inexhaustible deposits produced on
earth. Forests, agricultural practices and industrial processes contribute huge
quantities of agro-wastes specifically from agriculture-associated manufactories
like timber, textile paper, breweries and pulp industries (Ilyas et al. 2012). The
biological path seems to be very alluring and feasible for enzymes production from
this lignocellulosic biomass because of various rationales, the uppermost being the
pervasive and inexhaustible character of natural reserves and its competitiveness
with consumable produce (Singhania et al. 2010).
Utilisation of natural and cheaper sources makes a possible route for significant
kick to the rate of cellulase production (Ozioko et al. 2013). Economic analyses
stipulate that fragmentation of cellulosic materials to simple sugars remains bonded
with the production cost (Xu et al. 2011). A variety of unused cellulosic materials are
explored to arrive at beneficial approaches associated with cellulase production by a
vast array of cellulolytic fungi (Chinedu et al. 2011). The following table
summarises the various lignocellulosic substrates used for fungal cellulase production (Table 11.2).
11.17 Effect of Surfactants
In an investigation study performed by Singh et al. (2007), the surfactants are
reported to be hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds whose accumulation at
interface of immiscible fluids tends to minimise surface and coherence tensions,
thereby increasing the mobility, solubility and bioavailability and ultimately biotransformation of insoluble organic or hydrophobic compounds. It has been put
forward that the hydrophilic and hydrophobic part of the surfactant is responsible for
steric hindrance and binding to lignin and consequently arresting the enzymes from
unproductive binding with lignin which results inaccessibility of more enzymes for
cellulose hydrolysis (Borjesson et al. 2007). Tween-80 ossifies unstable cellulase
components during hydrolysis and enzyme production (Okino et al. 2013). Addition
of surfactant like polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been shown to be vital to enhance
the enzymatic conversion of the lignocellulosic substrate. Tween-80 at 0.02% (v/v)
showed higher cellulase, protein and fungal biomass production (Srilakshmi et al.
2017). The production of cellulases was doubled in a fermentation using OPEFB
carried out by the addition of Tween-80 as a surfactant compared to fermentation
devoid of surfactant (Shahriarinour et al. 2011).
The use of Tween-80 is fruitful because it does not disturb the enzyme nature.
Tween-80 (2 ml/L) was supportive for the production of cellulases and β-glycosidase
by mixed culture of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus phoenicis grown on dairy
manure (Wen et al. 2005). Incorporation of 1% and 0.2% (v/v) of Tween-80 induced
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resources such as land, green residues and water are employed in the most productive path. Proficient utilisation of renewable lignocellulosic materials for the production of bio-based products and bioenergy would show profits to the environment,
local economy and safety to national energy pools (Zhang 2008; Padmavathi et al.
2012). Agro-wastes are the most copious and inexhaustible deposits produced on
earth. Forests, agricultural practices and industrial processes contribute huge
quantities of agro-wastes specifically from agriculture-associated manufactories
like timber, textile paper, breweries and pulp industries (Ilyas et al. 2012). The
biological path seems to be very alluring and feasible for enzymes production from
this lignocellulosic biomass because of various rationales, the uppermost being the
pervasive and inexhaustible character of natural reserves and its competitiveness
with consumable produce (Singhania et al. 2010).
Utilisation of natural and cheaper sources makes a possible route for significant
kick to the rate of cellulase production (Ozioko et al. 2013). Economic analyses
stipulate that fragmentation of cellulosic materials to simple sugars remains bonded
with the production cost (Xu et al. 2011). A variety of unused cellulosic materials are
explored to arrive at beneficial approaches associated with cellulase production by a
vast array of cellulolytic fungi (Chinedu et al. 2011). The following table
summarises the various lignocellulosic substrates used for fungal cellulase production (Table 11.2).
11.17 Effect of Surfactants
In an investigation study performed by Singh et al. (2007), the surfactants are
reported to be hydrophilic and hydrophobic compounds whose accumulation at
interface of immiscible fluids tends to minimise surface and coherence tensions,
thereby increasing the mobility, solubility and bioavailability and ultimately biotransformation of insoluble organic or hydrophobic compounds. It has been put
forward that the hydrophilic and hydrophobic part of the surfactant is responsible for
steric hindrance and binding to lignin and consequently arresting the enzymes from
unproductive binding with lignin which results inaccessibility of more enzymes for
cellulose hydrolysis (Borjesson et al. 2007). Tween-80 ossifies unstable cellulase
components during hydrolysis and enzyme production (Okino et al. 2013). Addition
of surfactant like polyethylene glycol (PEG) has been shown to be vital to enhance
the enzymatic conversion of the lignocellulosic substrate. Tween-80 at 0.02% (v/v)
showed higher cellulase, protein and fungal biomass production (Srilakshmi et al.
2017). The production of cellulases was doubled in a fermentation using OPEFB
carried out by the addition of Tween-80 as a surfactant compared to fermentation
devoid of surfactant (Shahriarinour et al. 2011).
The use of Tween-80 is fruitful because it does not disturb the enzyme nature.
Tween-80 (2 ml/L) was supportive for the production of cellulases and β-glycosidase
by mixed culture of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus phoenicis grown on dairy
manure (Wen et al. 2005). Incorporation of 1% and 0.2% (v/v) of Tween-80 induced
312
S. Akula and N. Golla