11.15 Effect of Nitrogen Source
Nitrogen is one of the primary constituents of proteins, and stimulatory effect of
ammonium salt on cellulose activity might be related to its forthright access into
synthesis of proteins (Mandels 1975). The necessity of specific nitrogen source
varies from organism to organism or even among the same species for maximum
enzyme production (Balaji and Sharma 2011). The fundamental requirement to be
satisfied for optimal growth of any organism is the supplementation of amenable
source of nitrogen. The highest cellulase activity of 87.43 U/ml was achieved in
yeast extract culture. According to the assessment of Jyostna et al. (2015), the
highest activities of FPase, CMCase and β-glycosidases with 4.8 IU/ml, 5.3 IU/ml
and 1.6 IU/ml were accomplished with urea followed by peptone as nitrogen source.
The most effective nitrogen source for FPase activity on the seventh day and
CMCase on the third day of incubation by Trichoderma viride VKF3 was traced
out to be peptone (Nathan et al. 2014). At 0.2%, tryptone concentration maximum
CMCase (2.39 IU/ml) and FPase (0.446 IU/ml) activities were obtained from
A. fumigatus (Sarkar and Aikat 2014). As per the conclusions dragged by Akinyele
and Olaniyi (2013), locust beans proved efficient for the far-reached yield of
cellulase activity of 0.36 μmol/min/ml, followed by soybeans, and the dropped
cellulose activity was seen particularly with cotton seeds and ammonium sulphate.
Meat extract was proved to be unbeatable nitrogen supplement producing higher
levels of cellulase activity by A. niger (0.097 U/ml), indicating that organic nitrogen
should be added for better outcome (Azzaz et al. 2012). The medium amended with
NaNO 3 as the nitrogen substituent established that mutant T. viride 1433 was
stimulated to release higher amounts of cellulases (Khare and Upadhyay 2011).
The combination of apple pomace and corn-steep solid induced towering enzyme
production by Trichoderma sp. G/M 3.0010 (Sun et al. 2010). Peptone and yeast
extract acted as the best organic nitrogen sources for Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium
sp., respectively, yielding maximum endoglucanase (40–43 U/ml) when 0.06%
(w/v) KNO 3 was added (Chellapandi and Abha 2009). In an explorative study
carried out by Narasimha et al. (2006), Aspergillus niger dispersed on CzapekDox medium with 0.03% urea resulted in peak cellulase activity (1.682 U/ml)
compared to peptone and NaNO 3 . Ammonium sulphate appeared to be the best
followed by ammonium nitrate, peptone and urea using Aspergillus terreus AV49 on
pretreated ground nutshell exhibiting an elevated endoglucanase activity (2.833 IU/
ml) and exoglucanase activity (0.282 FPU/ml) (Vyas and Vyas 2005).
11.16 Effect of Lignocellulosic Substrates
One of the foremost troubles in cellulase production by fermentation is the employment of overpriced raw materials. Trimming the cost of the substrate could be
assisted by the alteration of green cellulosic deposits using microorganisms capable
to generate elated cellulose production (Kotchoni and Shonukan 2002). The society
prefers to adapt bio-based economy rather than fossil-depended thrift. It is under
11 Significance of Process Parameters on Fungal Cellulase Production
311
Nitrogen is one of the primary constituents of proteins, and stimulatory effect of
ammonium salt on cellulose activity might be related to its forthright access into
synthesis of proteins (Mandels 1975). The necessity of specific nitrogen source
varies from organism to organism or even among the same species for maximum
enzyme production (Balaji and Sharma 2011). The fundamental requirement to be
satisfied for optimal growth of any organism is the supplementation of amenable
source of nitrogen. The highest cellulase activity of 87.43 U/ml was achieved in
yeast extract culture. According to the assessment of Jyostna et al. (2015), the
highest activities of FPase, CMCase and β-glycosidases with 4.8 IU/ml, 5.3 IU/ml
and 1.6 IU/ml were accomplished with urea followed by peptone as nitrogen source.
The most effective nitrogen source for FPase activity on the seventh day and
CMCase on the third day of incubation by Trichoderma viride VKF3 was traced
out to be peptone (Nathan et al. 2014). At 0.2%, tryptone concentration maximum
CMCase (2.39 IU/ml) and FPase (0.446 IU/ml) activities were obtained from
A. fumigatus (Sarkar and Aikat 2014). As per the conclusions dragged by Akinyele
and Olaniyi (2013), locust beans proved efficient for the far-reached yield of
cellulase activity of 0.36 μmol/min/ml, followed by soybeans, and the dropped
cellulose activity was seen particularly with cotton seeds and ammonium sulphate.
Meat extract was proved to be unbeatable nitrogen supplement producing higher
levels of cellulase activity by A. niger (0.097 U/ml), indicating that organic nitrogen
should be added for better outcome (Azzaz et al. 2012). The medium amended with
NaNO 3 as the nitrogen substituent established that mutant T. viride 1433 was
stimulated to release higher amounts of cellulases (Khare and Upadhyay 2011).
The combination of apple pomace and corn-steep solid induced towering enzyme
production by Trichoderma sp. G/M 3.0010 (Sun et al. 2010). Peptone and yeast
extract acted as the best organic nitrogen sources for Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium
sp., respectively, yielding maximum endoglucanase (40–43 U/ml) when 0.06%
(w/v) KNO 3 was added (Chellapandi and Abha 2009). In an explorative study
carried out by Narasimha et al. (2006), Aspergillus niger dispersed on CzapekDox medium with 0.03% urea resulted in peak cellulase activity (1.682 U/ml)
compared to peptone and NaNO 3 . Ammonium sulphate appeared to be the best
followed by ammonium nitrate, peptone and urea using Aspergillus terreus AV49 on
pretreated ground nutshell exhibiting an elevated endoglucanase activity (2.833 IU/
ml) and exoglucanase activity (0.282 FPU/ml) (Vyas and Vyas 2005).
11.16 Effect of Lignocellulosic Substrates
One of the foremost troubles in cellulase production by fermentation is the employment of overpriced raw materials. Trimming the cost of the substrate could be
assisted by the alteration of green cellulosic deposits using microorganisms capable
to generate elated cellulose production (Kotchoni and Shonukan 2002). The society
prefers to adapt bio-based economy rather than fossil-depended thrift. It is under
11 Significance of Process Parameters on Fungal Cellulase Production
311