biogas can also be fed to an existing combined heat and power gas engine. The future
holds promise for capturing methane in off-gas and its utilisation in biogas
upgradation plants (Sahota et al. 2018).
(b) Provision for Economically Feasible Small-Scale Upgrading Plants
Biogas upgrading costs are inversely proportional to the plant size/capacity, and a
small-scale plant upgradation is too expensive to be afforded because of the
upgrading equipment’s high investment costs. All the instrumental parts are the
same for small-scale and large-scale plants. The future challenge lies in upgrading a
biogas production technology at a small scale that is economically feasible and
sustainable with minimum cost, low methane content and reduced complexity of all
controllable operational parameters. Also, the generated methane can be converted
to a vehicular fuel as an inevitable remedy to make the small-scale plants economically sustainable (Sahota et al. 2018).
(c) Supportive Government Policies
Mass biogas production is available only at countries that favour the supportive
governmental policies. The future endeavours include the use of green transportation fuels such as compressed and liquefied biogas for enhancing the sustainable
development. Additionally, biogas purification can be performed to be applicable
in the field of combustion as a household fuel for heating, cooking and generating
small-scale electricity. The field of converting the livestock waste in to biogas is
still uncovered (Lima et al. 2018; Owusu and Banadda 2017; Moraes et al. 2017);
thus, the government should provide policy interventions to enable research and
development in the field of biogas upgradation. Large-scale biogas can be
generated from renewable sources with favourable supportive policies from the
government in the form of subsidies to manufacturers and implementing regulatory
environment for enhancing biogas-driven engine technology at the market level,
providing attractive feed-in-tariff in generating their own electricity using biogas
technologies, providing seed capital to start-up companies that work on renewable
energy source conversion to biogas, encouraging the communities to be involved
in the collection and transport of biowaste residues to biogas plants, establishing
training centres for generating skilled workforce and providing resources for
producing family-type biogas plants in the future emerging markets (Huttunen
et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2017).
(d) Implementing Biogas Reforming Technologies
Biogas reforming technologies are authenticated processes for producing the
green hydrogen that favours the reduction of natural gas production. CFD modelling
studies, catalyst characteristic and throughput studies are required for effective
implementation of biogas reforming technologies (Verma and Samanta 2016).
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B. S. Dhanya et al.
holds promise for capturing methane in off-gas and its utilisation in biogas
upgradation plants (Sahota et al. 2018).
(b) Provision for Economically Feasible Small-Scale Upgrading Plants
Biogas upgrading costs are inversely proportional to the plant size/capacity, and a
small-scale plant upgradation is too expensive to be afforded because of the
upgrading equipment’s high investment costs. All the instrumental parts are the
same for small-scale and large-scale plants. The future challenge lies in upgrading a
biogas production technology at a small scale that is economically feasible and
sustainable with minimum cost, low methane content and reduced complexity of all
controllable operational parameters. Also, the generated methane can be converted
to a vehicular fuel as an inevitable remedy to make the small-scale plants economically sustainable (Sahota et al. 2018).
(c) Supportive Government Policies
Mass biogas production is available only at countries that favour the supportive
governmental policies. The future endeavours include the use of green transportation fuels such as compressed and liquefied biogas for enhancing the sustainable
development. Additionally, biogas purification can be performed to be applicable
in the field of combustion as a household fuel for heating, cooking and generating
small-scale electricity. The field of converting the livestock waste in to biogas is
still uncovered (Lima et al. 2018; Owusu and Banadda 2017; Moraes et al. 2017);
thus, the government should provide policy interventions to enable research and
development in the field of biogas upgradation. Large-scale biogas can be
generated from renewable sources with favourable supportive policies from the
government in the form of subsidies to manufacturers and implementing regulatory
environment for enhancing biogas-driven engine technology at the market level,
providing attractive feed-in-tariff in generating their own electricity using biogas
technologies, providing seed capital to start-up companies that work on renewable
energy source conversion to biogas, encouraging the communities to be involved
in the collection and transport of biowaste residues to biogas plants, establishing
training centres for generating skilled workforce and providing resources for
producing family-type biogas plants in the future emerging markets (Huttunen
et al. 2014; Chen et al. 2017).
(d) Implementing Biogas Reforming Technologies
Biogas reforming technologies are authenticated processes for producing the
green hydrogen that favours the reduction of natural gas production. CFD modelling
studies, catalyst characteristic and throughput studies are required for effective
implementation of biogas reforming technologies (Verma and Samanta 2016).
276
B. S. Dhanya et al.