List of Abbreviation
AD
Anaerobic digestion
ALPBRs Airlift photobioreactors
BCPBRs Bubble column photobioreactors
CPBRS
Closed photobioreactor system
CPBRs
Closed photobioreactors
FAME
Fatty acid methyl ester
FPBRs
Flat plate photobioreactors
F
st GB
First-generation biofuel
GHGE
Greenhouse gas emission
HTC
Hydrothermal carbonization
HTL
Hydrothermal liquefaction
HTPBRs Helical type photobioreactors
HTSCS
Hybrid two-stage cultivation system
ICS
Indoor cultivation system
MAOSE Microwave-assisted organic solvent extraction
OPCS
Open pond cultivation system
OS
Outdoor system
PBPBRs Plastic bag photobioreactors
PBR
Photobioreactor
PRPBRs Penthouse-roof photobioreactors
PTC
Phototrophic cultures
PUFAs
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
SCFE
Supercritical fluid extraction
S
nd GB
Second-generation biofuel
STPBRs Stirred tank photobioreactors
TPBRs
Tubular photobioreactors
T
rd GB
Third-generation biofuel
8.1
Introduction
The present age has seen high technological developments in both industrial and
agricultural sectors. The advancement in the process has led to environmental
pollution in the form of greenhouse gas emission (GHGE) and depletion of natural
resources (i.e., deforestation). The exhaustion of nonrenewable natural sources to
produce fuel has generated huge concern among the researchers worldwide. Globally, the community is now focused on building an energy-efficient future, without
having any reliability on the nonrenewable natural resources and being carbon
neutral as well. Thus, biofuel from renewable feedstock is developed and can be
classified into four types depending on the sources used (Mathimani et al. 2018)
(Fig. 8.1).
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