Swedish biogas production reached 1.7 TW in 2013, in which production source
co-digestion plant (34%), waste treatment plant (40%), landfill gas valorization (14%),
and farm-scale plants (5%) as well as industrial waste treatment plants (7%) are used in
more than 50% of advanced and used vehicles, making Sweden the world organizer in
the use of biogas for transport (Larsson et al. 2016).
Apart from India and China, other Asian countries encouraging biogas system
include Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Vietnam had created above
1 million biogas digestion plants, including 150,000 industrial plants and 500,000
medium-scale plants by 2013, which treated industrial wastewater (Sehgal 2018). A
strategy introduced by the Government of Thailand led to enhancement in generation of local electrical energy from 120 MW to 600 MW from biogas in 2011
(Chaiyapong and Chavalparit 2016). In Japan, efforts have been made to promote
industrial biogas plants (Takeuchi et al. 2018).
The United States and Brazil are among the prominent biogas developers. As of
2016, the American Biogas Council reports that there are more than 2100 operational biogas systems in the United States with more than 11,000 prospective sites
(American Biogas Available online 2018). Biomethane production capacity alone is
estimated to be 5,128,334.6 million gallons per year, which is equivalent to
4360.41 million gallons of diesel and 4883.29 million gallons of gasoline (Pasqual
et al. 2018).
State governments of the United States provide federal taxation for promotion of
biogas projects by providing performance-based incentives, like tax incentives, soft
loans, etc. Some examples include tax credits value of $ 0.015 per kWh for 10 years
in Iowa; Pennsylvania and Oregon grants 25–50% of the total project cost to
agricultural plants; Massachusetts offers 75% for phase cost and 25% for
construction-phase expenses, and six conditions give $ 0.1 per kWh incentives
from $ 0.015 (Sam et al. 2017).
Approximately 127 profitable biogas plants are functioning in Brazil by 2017,
which are mostly running with farm animals dung and municipal waste. It is
estimated that around 100 million m
3 of methane could be produced annually
from Brazil’s livestock manure, agricultural scrap, wastewater, and municipal
waste (Langeveld and Peterson 2018). Biomethane’s ability from livestock alone
in Brazil is projected at 1.961.171.9 million gallons per annum, which could
substitute 1667.42 million gallons of diesel or 1848.34 million gallons of gasoline
(Pasqual et al. 2018). Brazil is the main producer of biofuel in South America, whose
expected production is 49 TWh (Renewable Energy 2018).
4.4
Current Biogas Process Technologies
Production of biogas during anaerobic digestion provides most important benefits
more than other types of bioenergy assembly. It has been cleared as the most
environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technology for bioenergy production
in fact (Deublein and Steinhauser 2011). The process of degradation may be
separated into four phases, methanogenesis, acetogenesis, acidogenesis, and
4 Biogas: An Effective and Common Energy Tool – Part II
109
co-digestion plant (34%), waste treatment plant (40%), landfill gas valorization (14%),
and farm-scale plants (5%) as well as industrial waste treatment plants (7%) are used in
more than 50% of advanced and used vehicles, making Sweden the world organizer in
the use of biogas for transport (Larsson et al. 2016).
Apart from India and China, other Asian countries encouraging biogas system
include Thailand, Vietnam, Nepal, and Bangladesh. Vietnam had created above
1 million biogas digestion plants, including 150,000 industrial plants and 500,000
medium-scale plants by 2013, which treated industrial wastewater (Sehgal 2018). A
strategy introduced by the Government of Thailand led to enhancement in generation of local electrical energy from 120 MW to 600 MW from biogas in 2011
(Chaiyapong and Chavalparit 2016). In Japan, efforts have been made to promote
industrial biogas plants (Takeuchi et al. 2018).
The United States and Brazil are among the prominent biogas developers. As of
2016, the American Biogas Council reports that there are more than 2100 operational biogas systems in the United States with more than 11,000 prospective sites
(American Biogas Available online 2018). Biomethane production capacity alone is
estimated to be 5,128,334.6 million gallons per year, which is equivalent to
4360.41 million gallons of diesel and 4883.29 million gallons of gasoline (Pasqual
et al. 2018).
State governments of the United States provide federal taxation for promotion of
biogas projects by providing performance-based incentives, like tax incentives, soft
loans, etc. Some examples include tax credits value of $ 0.015 per kWh for 10 years
in Iowa; Pennsylvania and Oregon grants 25–50% of the total project cost to
agricultural plants; Massachusetts offers 75% for phase cost and 25% for
construction-phase expenses, and six conditions give $ 0.1 per kWh incentives
from $ 0.015 (Sam et al. 2017).
Approximately 127 profitable biogas plants are functioning in Brazil by 2017,
which are mostly running with farm animals dung and municipal waste. It is
estimated that around 100 million m
3 of methane could be produced annually
from Brazil’s livestock manure, agricultural scrap, wastewater, and municipal
waste (Langeveld and Peterson 2018). Biomethane’s ability from livestock alone
in Brazil is projected at 1.961.171.9 million gallons per annum, which could
substitute 1667.42 million gallons of diesel or 1848.34 million gallons of gasoline
(Pasqual et al. 2018). Brazil is the main producer of biofuel in South America, whose
expected production is 49 TWh (Renewable Energy 2018).
4.4
Current Biogas Process Technologies
Production of biogas during anaerobic digestion provides most important benefits
more than other types of bioenergy assembly. It has been cleared as the most
environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technology for bioenergy production
in fact (Deublein and Steinhauser 2011). The process of degradation may be
separated into four phases, methanogenesis, acetogenesis, acidogenesis, and
4 Biogas: An Effective and Common Energy Tool – Part II
109