4.1
Introduction
Biogas production through anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environment-friendly
method which gets accelerated due to a growing amount of natural waste formed
around the world. A broad range of waste including municipal waste and industrial
waste, food industrial waste, and agricultural as well as plant residues may be used
with this technique. The most important manufactured goods of this treatment, i.e.,
biogas, is a renewable energy resource, whereas the derivative left in the digester may
be used as manure due to the high nutrient offered for plants (Ward et al. 2008). The
performance of anaerobic digestion process highly depends on the activity of feedstock, along with the activity of microorganisms involved in various phases (Batstone
et al. 2002). The change of organic materials during the course of biogas production
may be divided into three phases: methane production, acid formation, and hydrolysis.
In these dissimilar steps, which are made parallel, different groups of bacteria make
anaerobic food chain, where the product of one reaction will be the substrate of the
second reaction. If the degradation rate of different steps is in balance, then this process
progresses efficiently (Yong et al. 2015; Sárvári et al. 2016).
This review presents a summary of the biogas industry throughout the world and
converses several novel techniques that are aimed at using new substrates and
increasing efficiency of the process.
4.2
Evolution of Biogas Policies in India and Their Current
Status
India was a net petroleum importer. The combination of a worldwide energy crisis
and local energy shortages increased the national energy security risk from increasing energy import expenses as well as the pressure on the national budget to satisfy
increasing energy subsidies for domestic fuels, mainly kerosene, utilized by the rural
and urban poor for very fundamental cooking and lighting requirements.
By the end of the 1970s, it was clear to Indian policymakers that the usual
restricted energy resources, for example, animal waste, fuel wood, and agricultural
wastes, were not accessible in several pastoral areas and there was a requirement for
conservation of restricted property. Many pastoral plains such as manure management program, national biogas program, as well as grid biogas power generation
were initiated. In 1981, the biogas development program was part of many
approaches for reducing rural energy crisis (Shukla 2007). Growing concerns
about solid waste management and climate change are the main drivers behind
these policy initiatives to boost the growth of biogas in metropolitan regions.
Table 4.1 represents a policy timeline setting out numerous public measures adopted
over the last three decades to increase waste in the energy and biogas sectors (Mittal
et al. 2018). Programs and projects to boost the waste-to-energy industry from
municipal solid waste and industrial waste are of latest creation; therefore it is still
hard to determine the impact of new policies on the implementation of biogas
technology in urban areas.
106
G. Monika et al.
Introduction
Biogas production through anaerobic digestion (AD) is an environment-friendly
method which gets accelerated due to a growing amount of natural waste formed
around the world. A broad range of waste including municipal waste and industrial
waste, food industrial waste, and agricultural as well as plant residues may be used
with this technique. The most important manufactured goods of this treatment, i.e.,
biogas, is a renewable energy resource, whereas the derivative left in the digester may
be used as manure due to the high nutrient offered for plants (Ward et al. 2008). The
performance of anaerobic digestion process highly depends on the activity of feedstock, along with the activity of microorganisms involved in various phases (Batstone
et al. 2002). The change of organic materials during the course of biogas production
may be divided into three phases: methane production, acid formation, and hydrolysis.
In these dissimilar steps, which are made parallel, different groups of bacteria make
anaerobic food chain, where the product of one reaction will be the substrate of the
second reaction. If the degradation rate of different steps is in balance, then this process
progresses efficiently (Yong et al. 2015; Sárvári et al. 2016).
This review presents a summary of the biogas industry throughout the world and
converses several novel techniques that are aimed at using new substrates and
increasing efficiency of the process.
4.2
Evolution of Biogas Policies in India and Their Current
Status
India was a net petroleum importer. The combination of a worldwide energy crisis
and local energy shortages increased the national energy security risk from increasing energy import expenses as well as the pressure on the national budget to satisfy
increasing energy subsidies for domestic fuels, mainly kerosene, utilized by the rural
and urban poor for very fundamental cooking and lighting requirements.
By the end of the 1970s, it was clear to Indian policymakers that the usual
restricted energy resources, for example, animal waste, fuel wood, and agricultural
wastes, were not accessible in several pastoral areas and there was a requirement for
conservation of restricted property. Many pastoral plains such as manure management program, national biogas program, as well as grid biogas power generation
were initiated. In 1981, the biogas development program was part of many
approaches for reducing rural energy crisis (Shukla 2007). Growing concerns
about solid waste management and climate change are the main drivers behind
these policy initiatives to boost the growth of biogas in metropolitan regions.
Table 4.1 represents a policy timeline setting out numerous public measures adopted
over the last three decades to increase waste in the energy and biogas sectors (Mittal
et al. 2018). Programs and projects to boost the waste-to-energy industry from
municipal solid waste and industrial waste are of latest creation; therefore it is still
hard to determine the impact of new policies on the implementation of biogas
technology in urban areas.
106
G. Monika et al.