496
L. Pimentel da Silva and F. T. de Souza
country. Of its total population about 85% live in urban areas. More than 40% of
the total population of Paraná are concentrated in 10 municipalities: Curitiba, the
main city [Latitude South 25° 25
40
, Longitude West 49° 16
23
and altitude of
934 m (IPARDES 2018)], Londrina, Maringá, Ponta Grossa, Cascavel, São José dos
Pinhais, Foz do Iguaçu, Colombo, Guarapuava and Paranaguá.
According to the KÖPPEN classification, the North, West, part of the Central and
Southeast regions, as well as nearly all of the Southwest region of the State of Paraná
are under subtropical climate (Cfa), with average temperatures under 18 °C in the
coldest month, and above 22 °C in the warmest, with hot summers, infrequent frosts,
and rainfall mainly in the summer, although there is no well-defined dry season. This
is the case of the Municipalities of Londrina, Maringá, Cascavel, Foz do Iguaçu and
Paranaguá. Meanwhile, about half of the Central, Southeast and South regions of the
State are under temperate climate (Cfb), with average temperatures under 18 °C in
the coldest month, fresh summers, with average temperatures under 22 °C, without
a defined dry season. This is the case of Curitiba (main city), Ponta Grossa and
Guarapuava (Alvares 2013).
The State of Paraná is the fifth largest economy of the Country. It is home to the
Itaipu dam, which set a world record in power generation in 2016. Agribusiness is
very relevant in Paraná and the dairy and meat production adds important industrial
value to its economy. Paraná ranks among the top ten Brazilian exporting states.
The municipal average Gross Domestic Product of Paraná was 26,058 BRL in 2015
(equivalent to about 6950 USD on November 15, 2018). The Human Development
Index (HDI) was 0.749 in 2010, above the country’s average of 0.699 (IPARDES;
IBGE 2010).
Circulatory diseases are the main cause of death in the world. Although in Brazil
rates have been decreasing in the last decades, it is still the main cause of death. In
2016, circulatory diseases (CID-10 IX) were the second cause
1 of morbidity in the
State of Paraná. In relation to respiratory diseases (CID-10 X), the Southern region
of Brazil presents the highest morbidity rates, and Paraná, one of the three states in
this Region, generally presents the highest rates, in some years superseded by the
State of Rio Grande do Sul. In 2016, respiratory diseases were the third cause of
morbidity in the State of Paraná (Paraná 2017).
Variables and Data Sources Box 1 presents all variables applied in the study, their
description and sources. The studies involved variables such as: demographic density (DD), gross domestic product (GDP), municipal Human Development Index
(M_HDI), percentage of households with adequate sanitation (SNT), percentage of
urban households in streets with trees (ARB), percentage of urban households in
streets with urbanization (URB), number of vehicles (VHCLS), morbidity of respiratory diseases (RD) and morbidity of circulatory diseases (CD) per municipality in
the State of Paraná.
These data are from National-reference databases such as the “IBGE@Cidades”
of The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, The National Department of
Transit of The Brazilian Ministry of Cities, and “TabNet/DATASUS” of The Brazilian
1 The first cause of morbidity was pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium (CID-10 XV).
L. Pimentel da Silva and F. T. de Souza
country. Of its total population about 85% live in urban areas. More than 40% of
the total population of Paraná are concentrated in 10 municipalities: Curitiba, the
main city [Latitude South 25° 25
40
, Longitude West 49° 16
23
and altitude of
934 m (IPARDES 2018)], Londrina, Maringá, Ponta Grossa, Cascavel, São José dos
Pinhais, Foz do Iguaçu, Colombo, Guarapuava and Paranaguá.
According to the KÖPPEN classification, the North, West, part of the Central and
Southeast regions, as well as nearly all of the Southwest region of the State of Paraná
are under subtropical climate (Cfa), with average temperatures under 18 °C in the
coldest month, and above 22 °C in the warmest, with hot summers, infrequent frosts,
and rainfall mainly in the summer, although there is no well-defined dry season. This
is the case of the Municipalities of Londrina, Maringá, Cascavel, Foz do Iguaçu and
Paranaguá. Meanwhile, about half of the Central, Southeast and South regions of the
State are under temperate climate (Cfb), with average temperatures under 18 °C in
the coldest month, fresh summers, with average temperatures under 22 °C, without
a defined dry season. This is the case of Curitiba (main city), Ponta Grossa and
Guarapuava (Alvares 2013).
The State of Paraná is the fifth largest economy of the Country. It is home to the
Itaipu dam, which set a world record in power generation in 2016. Agribusiness is
very relevant in Paraná and the dairy and meat production adds important industrial
value to its economy. Paraná ranks among the top ten Brazilian exporting states.
The municipal average Gross Domestic Product of Paraná was 26,058 BRL in 2015
(equivalent to about 6950 USD on November 15, 2018). The Human Development
Index (HDI) was 0.749 in 2010, above the country’s average of 0.699 (IPARDES;
IBGE 2010).
Circulatory diseases are the main cause of death in the world. Although in Brazil
rates have been decreasing in the last decades, it is still the main cause of death. In
2016, circulatory diseases (CID-10 IX) were the second cause
1 of morbidity in the
State of Paraná. In relation to respiratory diseases (CID-10 X), the Southern region
of Brazil presents the highest morbidity rates, and Paraná, one of the three states in
this Region, generally presents the highest rates, in some years superseded by the
State of Rio Grande do Sul. In 2016, respiratory diseases were the third cause of
morbidity in the State of Paraná (Paraná 2017).
Variables and Data Sources Box 1 presents all variables applied in the study, their
description and sources. The studies involved variables such as: demographic density (DD), gross domestic product (GDP), municipal Human Development Index
(M_HDI), percentage of households with adequate sanitation (SNT), percentage of
urban households in streets with trees (ARB), percentage of urban households in
streets with urbanization (URB), number of vehicles (VHCLS), morbidity of respiratory diseases (RD) and morbidity of circulatory diseases (CD) per municipality in
the State of Paraná.
These data are from National-reference databases such as the “IBGE@Cidades”
of The Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, The National Department of
Transit of The Brazilian Ministry of Cities, and “TabNet/DATASUS” of The Brazilian
1 The first cause of morbidity was pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium (CID-10 XV).