32
J. Swart and L. Brinkmann
Table 7
Average ultrafine particle concentrations (first differences estimation)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
Dependent variable: average PM10 concentrations
ECI
−0.0540
−0.0587
−0.0734
−0.0122
−0.0745*
−0.0775
−0.0164
0.0251
(0.0448)
(0.0314)
(0.0422)
(0.0364)
(0.0366)
(0.0393)
(0.0395)
(0.0376)
(ECI) 2
−0.0124
−0.0396
(0.0495)
(0.0397)
GDP p.c.
7.525
1.026**
1.492**
1.205***
1.222***
1.715*
7.427
(5.725)
(0.258)
(0.417)
(0.212)
(0.201)
(0.837)
(7.125)
(GDP p.c.) 2
−14.57
−13.01
(12.84)
(15.32)
Population density
−1.222
0.584
1.202
(1.439)
(1.498)
(2.351)
Urbanisation
−0.493**
−0.543
−0.553
(0.171)
(0.297)
(0.280)
Trade openness
−0.0196
0.0380
0.0423
(0.0424)
(0.0769)
(0.0769)
Year
7.48e−05
0.00837
0.00790
(0.0191)
(0.0327)
(0.0318)
Higher education
(continued)