30
J. Swart and L. Brinkmann
Table 6
Average total suspended particle concentrations (fixed effects estimation)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Dependent variable: average TSP concentrations
ECI
−0.149** −0.112* 0.00745
−0.147*
−0.0196 0.0481
−0.0163
0.00259
−0.0983
−0.140
(0.0543)
(0.0506) (0.0435)
(0.0489)
(0.110)
(0.0745) (0.0507)
(0.0772)
(0.0828)
(0.0851)
(ECI) 2
−0.00885
0.0999
(0.0575)
(0.0462)
GDP p.c.
0.319
3.726**
6.377**
3.882
2.521
5.752***
4.845**
4.063**
4.292**
(4.012)
(1.002)
(1.268)
(2.812)
(3.646)
(0.320)
(0.857)
(1.139)
(1.243)
(GDP p.c.) 2
−3.893
−8.842**
−16.77** −10.32
−5.394
−13.21*** −11.39** −12.04** −12.43**
(9.110)
(2.241)
(2.921)
(5.464)
(7.962)
(0.719)
(2.579)
(3.010)
(3.069)
Population density
−3.852***
−3.644*
−6.651*
−7.051*
(0.707)
(1.444)
(2.487)
(2.382)
Urbanisation
0.648**
0.106
0.520
0.539
(0.151)
(0.245)
(0.382)
(0.379)
Trade openness
−0.190
−0.107
−0.122
(0.218)
(0.126)
(0.118)
Year
−0.0567
0.118
0.120
(0.0340)
(0.115)
(0.109)
−0.0235
−0.0209
−0.0184
Higher education
(0.0154)
(0.0328)
(0.0313)
(continued)