162
8.1 Introduction
Global warming are the major and important environmental issues that are affecting
the world and are expected to be more severe in coming decades (Lashkari et al.
2011). According to the IPCC report published in (2007), greenhouse gases emission might induce many changes in the global climate system during the twenty-first
century. These changes are expected to be greater than those observed during the
twentieth century (IPCC 2013). Global warming phenomenon appears as a widespread rising of surface air temperatures, alteration of precipitation patterns and
global hydrologic cycle that increased the frequency of severe weather events such
as drought spells and floods leading to low water availability (Mo et al. 2009) Global
climate models predicted 1–6 °C increase in the mean ambient temperature in the
end of twenty-first century (De Costa 2011). Such increase may have a significant
negative influence on agricultural productivity (Bates et al. 2008), in addition to
drought, salinity, waterlogging, and mineral toxicity stresses (Teixeira et al. 2013).
Hence, these changes will have a dramatic effect on agricultural systems especially
in temperate countries, where the water shortage and high temperatures are the main
limiting factors for the crop production (Rinaldi 2009).
Temperature warming will accelerate crop development, alter the phenological
time duration, and increase maintenance respiration (Mo et al. 2009). Eyshi Rezaei
et al. (2018) indicated that changing crop phenology is considered an important bioindicator of climate change, with the recent warming trend causing advancement in
crop phenology. Increased air temperature and altered precipitation pattern will
considerably affect crop phenological stages and stomatal conductance, causing
variation of yield and water use efficiency (Mo et al. 2009). On the other hand,
alteration of precipitation will affect water availability and irrigation requirements
for crops, so that crop yield will be severely affected or even crop failure could
occur (Asseng et al. 2013). Thus, global climate change adversely impacts crop
production and imposes a wide range of constraints on agricultural systems especially in water-limited environments (Paymard et al. 2018). It including increasing
atmosphere carbon dioxide concentration, warming temperature, changing surface
solar radiation, and variable precipitation is expected to have a significant effect on
crop development and production (Knox et al. 2016). It is estimated that up to one
fifth of the global population could suffer severe shortages of fresh water
(Schiermeier 2014) or quality water in the future (Girones et al. 2010).
Climate change is expected to have large effects on global wheat production. Liu
et al. (2016) indicated that for every 1 °C increase in temperature, global wheat
yields are predicted to decline by 4.1–6.4%. Furthermore, Liu and Yang (2010)
stated that 2–5 °C increase in temperature in China could have more effects on
wheat yield than the rise in CO 2 concentration, although it is mainly a negative
impact. Parry et al. (2004) also reported a reduction of rain fed and irrigated wheat
yield by 10–40 and 5–20%, respectively. Wheat grown in warmer regions is likely
to experience greater yield losses than that grown in cooler regions, though there is
S. Ouda and A. E.-H. Zohry
8.1 Introduction
Global warming are the major and important environmental issues that are affecting
the world and are expected to be more severe in coming decades (Lashkari et al.
2011). According to the IPCC report published in (2007), greenhouse gases emission might induce many changes in the global climate system during the twenty-first
century. These changes are expected to be greater than those observed during the
twentieth century (IPCC 2013). Global warming phenomenon appears as a widespread rising of surface air temperatures, alteration of precipitation patterns and
global hydrologic cycle that increased the frequency of severe weather events such
as drought spells and floods leading to low water availability (Mo et al. 2009) Global
climate models predicted 1–6 °C increase in the mean ambient temperature in the
end of twenty-first century (De Costa 2011). Such increase may have a significant
negative influence on agricultural productivity (Bates et al. 2008), in addition to
drought, salinity, waterlogging, and mineral toxicity stresses (Teixeira et al. 2013).
Hence, these changes will have a dramatic effect on agricultural systems especially
in temperate countries, where the water shortage and high temperatures are the main
limiting factors for the crop production (Rinaldi 2009).
Temperature warming will accelerate crop development, alter the phenological
time duration, and increase maintenance respiration (Mo et al. 2009). Eyshi Rezaei
et al. (2018) indicated that changing crop phenology is considered an important bioindicator of climate change, with the recent warming trend causing advancement in
crop phenology. Increased air temperature and altered precipitation pattern will
considerably affect crop phenological stages and stomatal conductance, causing
variation of yield and water use efficiency (Mo et al. 2009). On the other hand,
alteration of precipitation will affect water availability and irrigation requirements
for crops, so that crop yield will be severely affected or even crop failure could
occur (Asseng et al. 2013). Thus, global climate change adversely impacts crop
production and imposes a wide range of constraints on agricultural systems especially in water-limited environments (Paymard et al. 2018). It including increasing
atmosphere carbon dioxide concentration, warming temperature, changing surface
solar radiation, and variable precipitation is expected to have a significant effect on
crop development and production (Knox et al. 2016). It is estimated that up to one
fifth of the global population could suffer severe shortages of fresh water
(Schiermeier 2014) or quality water in the future (Girones et al. 2010).
Climate change is expected to have large effects on global wheat production. Liu
et al. (2016) indicated that for every 1 °C increase in temperature, global wheat
yields are predicted to decline by 4.1–6.4%. Furthermore, Liu and Yang (2010)
stated that 2–5 °C increase in temperature in China could have more effects on
wheat yield than the rise in CO 2 concentration, although it is mainly a negative
impact. Parry et al. (2004) also reported a reduction of rain fed and irrigated wheat
yield by 10–40 and 5–20%, respectively. Wheat grown in warmer regions is likely
to experience greater yield losses than that grown in cooler regions, though there is
S. Ouda and A. E.-H. Zohry