Bennett P, He F, Zhao D, Aiken B, Feldman L (2010) In situ testing of metallic iron nanoparticle
mobility and reactivity in a shallow granular aquifer. J Contam Hydrol 116(1–4):35–46. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.05.006
Berge ND, Ramsburg CA (2009) Oil-in-water emulsions for encapsulated delivery of reactive iron
particles. Environ Sci Technol 43(13):5060–5066. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900358p
Bhattacharjee S, Ghoshal S (2016) Phase transfer of palladized nanoscale zerovalent iron for
environmental remediation of trichloroethene. Environ Sci Technol 50(16):8631–8639.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01646
Černík M, Nosek J, Filip J, Hrabal J, Elliott DW, Zbořil R (2019) Electric-field enhanced reactivity
and migration of iron nanoparticles with implications for groundwater treatment technologies:
proof of concept. Water Res 154:361–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.058
Chang J-H, Cheng S-F (2006) The remediation performance of a specific electrokinetics integrated
with zero-valent metals for perchloroethylene contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater 131
(1–3):153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.09.026
Chen L-H, Huang C-C, Lien H-L (2008) Bimetallic iron–aluminum particles for dechlorination of
carbon tetrachloride. Chemosphere 73(5):692–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2008.07.005
Chen L, Jin S, Fallgren PH, Swoboda-Colberg NG, Liu F, Colberg PJS (2012) Electrochemical
depassivation of zero-valent iron for trichloroethene reduction. J Hazard Mater
239–240:265–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.074
Chen W-F, Pan L, Chen L-F, Wang Q, Yan C-C (2014) Dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene by
nano zero-valent iron/activated carbon composite: iron loading, kinetics and pathway. RSC Adv
4(87):46689–46696. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA06760F
Chowdhury AIA, O’Carroll DM, Xu Y, Sleep BE (2012) Electrophoresis enhanced transport of
nano-scale zero valent iron. Adv Water Resour 40:71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.
2012.01.014
Chowdhury AIA, Krol MM, Kocur CM, Boparai HK, Weber KP, Sleep BE, O’Carroll DM (2015)
nZVI injection into variably saturated soils: field and modeling study. J Contam Hydrol
183:16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.10.003
Cook SM (2009) Assessing the use and application of zero-valent iron nanoparticle technology for
remediation at contaminated sites. Report for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Available via https://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/Zero-Valent-Iron-Cook.pdf. Accessed
13 Jul 2019
Correia de Velosa A, Pupo Nogueira RF (2013) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degradation promoted by nanoparticulate zerovalent iron (nZVI) in aerobic suspensions. J Environ
Manag 121:72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.031
Crane RA, Scott TB (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: future prospects for an emerging water
treatment technology. J Hazard Mater 211–212:112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.
2011.11.073
Dong J, Wen C, Liu D, Zhang W, Li J, Jiang H, Qin C, Hong M (2015) Study on degradation of
nitrobenzene in groundwater using emulsified nano-zero-valent iron. J Nanopart Res 17:31.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2829-9
Dong H, Deng J, Xie Y, Zhang C, Jiang Z, Cheng Y, Hou K, Zeng G (2017) Stabilization of
nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with modified biochar for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous
solution. J Hazard Mater 332:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.002
Dorathi PJ, Kandasamy P (2012) Dechlorination of chlorophenols by zero valent iron impregnated
silica. J Environ Sci 24(4):765–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60817-6
Elliott DW, Zhang W-X (2001) Field assessment of nanoscale bimetallic particles for groundwater
treatment. Environ Sci Technol 35(24):4922–4926. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0108584
Elsner M, Hofstetter TB (2011) Current perspectives on the mechanisms of chlorohydrocarbon
degradation in subsurface environments: insight from kinetics, product formation, probe molecules, and isotope fractionation. In: Tratnyek PG, Grundl TJ, Haderlein SB (eds) Aquatic redox
2 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Particles for Water Treatment: From Basic. . .
45
mobility and reactivity in a shallow granular aquifer. J Contam Hydrol 116(1–4):35–46. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.05.006
Berge ND, Ramsburg CA (2009) Oil-in-water emulsions for encapsulated delivery of reactive iron
particles. Environ Sci Technol 43(13):5060–5066. https://doi.org/10.1021/es900358p
Bhattacharjee S, Ghoshal S (2016) Phase transfer of palladized nanoscale zerovalent iron for
environmental remediation of trichloroethene. Environ Sci Technol 50(16):8631–8639.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b01646
Černík M, Nosek J, Filip J, Hrabal J, Elliott DW, Zbořil R (2019) Electric-field enhanced reactivity
and migration of iron nanoparticles with implications for groundwater treatment technologies:
proof of concept. Water Res 154:361–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.01.058
Chang J-H, Cheng S-F (2006) The remediation performance of a specific electrokinetics integrated
with zero-valent metals for perchloroethylene contaminated soils. J Hazard Mater 131
(1–3):153–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2005.09.026
Chen L-H, Huang C-C, Lien H-L (2008) Bimetallic iron–aluminum particles for dechlorination of
carbon tetrachloride. Chemosphere 73(5):692–697. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.
2008.07.005
Chen L, Jin S, Fallgren PH, Swoboda-Colberg NG, Liu F, Colberg PJS (2012) Electrochemical
depassivation of zero-valent iron for trichloroethene reduction. J Hazard Mater
239–240:265–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.074
Chen W-F, Pan L, Chen L-F, Wang Q, Yan C-C (2014) Dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene by
nano zero-valent iron/activated carbon composite: iron loading, kinetics and pathway. RSC Adv
4(87):46689–46696. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4RA06760F
Chowdhury AIA, O’Carroll DM, Xu Y, Sleep BE (2012) Electrophoresis enhanced transport of
nano-scale zero valent iron. Adv Water Resour 40:71–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.
2012.01.014
Chowdhury AIA, Krol MM, Kocur CM, Boparai HK, Weber KP, Sleep BE, O’Carroll DM (2015)
nZVI injection into variably saturated soils: field and modeling study. J Contam Hydrol
183:16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.10.003
Cook SM (2009) Assessing the use and application of zero-valent iron nanoparticle technology for
remediation at contaminated sites. Report for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Available via https://clu-in.org/download/studentpapers/Zero-Valent-Iron-Cook.pdf. Accessed
13 Jul 2019
Correia de Velosa A, Pupo Nogueira RF (2013) 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degradation promoted by nanoparticulate zerovalent iron (nZVI) in aerobic suspensions. J Environ
Manag 121:72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.02.031
Crane RA, Scott TB (2012) Nanoscale zero-valent iron: future prospects for an emerging water
treatment technology. J Hazard Mater 211–212:112–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.
2011.11.073
Dong J, Wen C, Liu D, Zhang W, Li J, Jiang H, Qin C, Hong M (2015) Study on degradation of
nitrobenzene in groundwater using emulsified nano-zero-valent iron. J Nanopart Res 17:31.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2829-9
Dong H, Deng J, Xie Y, Zhang C, Jiang Z, Cheng Y, Hou K, Zeng G (2017) Stabilization of
nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) with modified biochar for Cr(VI) removal from aqueous
solution. J Hazard Mater 332:79–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.002
Dorathi PJ, Kandasamy P (2012) Dechlorination of chlorophenols by zero valent iron impregnated
silica. J Environ Sci 24(4):765–773. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60817-6
Elliott DW, Zhang W-X (2001) Field assessment of nanoscale bimetallic particles for groundwater
treatment. Environ Sci Technol 35(24):4922–4926. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0108584
Elsner M, Hofstetter TB (2011) Current perspectives on the mechanisms of chlorohydrocarbon
degradation in subsurface environments: insight from kinetics, product formation, probe molecules, and isotope fractionation. In: Tratnyek PG, Grundl TJ, Haderlein SB (eds) Aquatic redox
2 Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Particles for Water Treatment: From Basic. . .
45