• Nitrogen was effectively removed in the hybrid CW because of the combination
of three subsurface wetlands with various feeding strategy. The removal of N total
reached 87%. The ammonia removal reached 97% and more work should be done
in the future to discover if anammox might take place in the ammonia removal.
• Monitoring four widely used human pharmaceuticals from the group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs showed very high removal efficiency of the hybrid
CW. The average removal efficiency for diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and
naproxen, was 81.1%, 93.2%, 96.7%, and 78.3%, respectively.
Acknowledgements The study was partly supported also by the Technology Agency of the Czech
Republic, grant no. TA01020573 “Biotechnological system for treatment of wastewaters from
agriculture and their recycling”.
References
Abe K, Komada M, Ookuma A (2010) Purification performance of the FWS constructed wetland in
biotope area over three years. In: Gilkes R, Prakongkep N (eds) 19th World Congress of Soil
Science; Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane, Australia, 2010. International Union of
Soil Sciences, pp 18–21
APHA (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edn. American
Public Health Association, Washington, DC
Ávila C, García J (2015) Chapter 6 – Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the
environment and their removal from wastewater through constructed wetlands. In: Zeng EY
(ed) Comprehensive analytical chemistry, vol 67. Elsevier, pp 195–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/
B978-0-444-63299-9.00006-5
Ávila C, Bayona JM, Martín I, Salas JJ, García J (2015) Emerging organic contaminant removal in a
full-scale hybrid constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment and reuse. Ecol Eng
80:108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2014.07.056
Brix H, Arias CA (2005) The use of vertical flow constructed wetlands for on-site treatment of
domestic wastewater: new Danish guidelines. Ecol Eng 25(5):491–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ecoleng.2005.07.009
Cronk JK (1996) Constructed wetlands to treat wastewater from dairy and swine operations:
a review. Agric Ecosyst Environ 58(2–3):97–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(96)
01024-9
Ghermandi A, Bixio D, Thoeye C (2007) The role of free water surface constructed wetlands as
polishing step in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse. Sci Total Environ 380
(1–3):247–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.038
Grismer ME, Carr MA, Shepherd HL (2003) Evaluation of constructed wetland treatment performance for winery wastewater. Water Environ Res 75(5):412–421. https://doi.org/10.2175/
106143003X141213
Hakk H, Sikora L, Casey FXM (2018) Fate of estrone in laboratory-scale constructed wetlands.
Ecol Eng 111:60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.11.005
Han S, Choi K, Kim J, Ji K, Kim S, Ahn B, Yun J, Choi K, Khim JS, Zhang X, Giesy JP (2010)
Endocrine disruption and consequences of chronic exposure to ibuprofen in Japanese medaka
(Oryzias latipes) and freshwater cladocerans Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa. Aquat
Toxicol 98(3):256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.02.013
406
M. Šereš et al.
of three subsurface wetlands with various feeding strategy. The removal of N total
reached 87%. The ammonia removal reached 97% and more work should be done
in the future to discover if anammox might take place in the ammonia removal.
• Monitoring four widely used human pharmaceuticals from the group of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs showed very high removal efficiency of the hybrid
CW. The average removal efficiency for diclofenac, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and
naproxen, was 81.1%, 93.2%, 96.7%, and 78.3%, respectively.
Acknowledgements The study was partly supported also by the Technology Agency of the Czech
Republic, grant no. TA01020573 “Biotechnological system for treatment of wastewaters from
agriculture and their recycling”.
References
Abe K, Komada M, Ookuma A (2010) Purification performance of the FWS constructed wetland in
biotope area over three years. In: Gilkes R, Prakongkep N (eds) 19th World Congress of Soil
Science; Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Brisbane, Australia, 2010. International Union of
Soil Sciences, pp 18–21
APHA (1998) Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 20th edn. American
Public Health Association, Washington, DC
Ávila C, García J (2015) Chapter 6 – Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in the
environment and their removal from wastewater through constructed wetlands. In: Zeng EY
(ed) Comprehensive analytical chemistry, vol 67. Elsevier, pp 195–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/
B978-0-444-63299-9.00006-5
Ávila C, Bayona JM, Martín I, Salas JJ, García J (2015) Emerging organic contaminant removal in a
full-scale hybrid constructed wetland system for wastewater treatment and reuse. Ecol Eng
80:108–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLENG.2014.07.056
Brix H, Arias CA (2005) The use of vertical flow constructed wetlands for on-site treatment of
domestic wastewater: new Danish guidelines. Ecol Eng 25(5):491–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.ecoleng.2005.07.009
Cronk JK (1996) Constructed wetlands to treat wastewater from dairy and swine operations:
a review. Agric Ecosyst Environ 58(2–3):97–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(96)
01024-9
Ghermandi A, Bixio D, Thoeye C (2007) The role of free water surface constructed wetlands as
polishing step in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse. Sci Total Environ 380
(1–3):247–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.12.038
Grismer ME, Carr MA, Shepherd HL (2003) Evaluation of constructed wetland treatment performance for winery wastewater. Water Environ Res 75(5):412–421. https://doi.org/10.2175/
106143003X141213
Hakk H, Sikora L, Casey FXM (2018) Fate of estrone in laboratory-scale constructed wetlands.
Ecol Eng 111:60–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.11.005
Han S, Choi K, Kim J, Ji K, Kim S, Ahn B, Yun J, Choi K, Khim JS, Zhang X, Giesy JP (2010)
Endocrine disruption and consequences of chronic exposure to ibuprofen in Japanese medaka
(Oryzias latipes) and freshwater cladocerans Daphnia magna and Moina macrocopa. Aquat
Toxicol 98(3):256–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2010.02.013
406
M. Šereš et al.