very high (even 100%) efficiency in removing coliform bacteria from wastewaters
due to its high oxidation potential at relatively low dosage (Jiang and Lloyd 2002;
Kubiňáková et al. 2017; Rai et al. 2018).
Disinfection properties of ferrate were tested on various germs (Bacillus cereus,
Streptococcus bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Enterococcus
faecalis, and Salmonella typhimurium) and virus coliphage f2 (Picornaviridae)
(Rai et al. 2018; Kubiňáková et al. 2017; Birošová et al. 2014; Sharma et al.
2015). This virus is usually present in sewage water and is highly resistant to
chlorination (Kazama 1995). The algae caused a growing problem not only in
cooling water but also in the production of drinking water. Algae removal from
water is difficult because of their small size and the low specific gravity. Alga
Cladophora aegagropila has been effectively eliminated by electrochemically
synthetized potassium ferrate. The mechanism of action of Fe(VI) on the cells of
algae can be evaluated by microscopic examination. Any apparent damage to the cell
wall proved that ferrate(VI) penetrated into the cell and subsequently caused damage
to internal organelles (Kubiňáková et al. 2017).
References
Barışçı S, Särkkä H, Sillanpää M, Dimoglo A (2016) The treatment of greywater from a restaurant
by electrosynthesized ferrate (VI) ion. Desalin Water Treat 57(24):11375–11385. https://doi.
org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1038740
Birošová L, Mackul’ak T, Bodík I, Ryba J, Škubák J, Grabic R (2014) Pilot study of seasonal
occurrence and distribution of antibiotics and drug resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment
plants in Slovakia. Sci Total Environ 490:440–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.
030
Casbeer EM, Sharma VK, Zajickova Z, Dionysiou DD (2013) Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation
of tryptophan by ferrate(VI). Environ Sci Technol 47(9):4572–4580. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es305283k
Faridmarandi S, Naja GM (2014) Phosphorus and water budgets in an agricultural basin. Environ
Sci Technol 48(15):8481–8490. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500738v
Feng MB, Wang XH, Chen J, Qu RJ, Sui YX, Cizmas L, Wang ZY, Sharma VK (2016)
Degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics by ferrate(VI): effects of water constituents and
oxidized products. Water Res 103:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.014
Feng M, Wang Z, Sharma VK (2017) Synergetic effect of the oxidation of fluoroquionolone
antibiotics by a combined use of ferrate(VI) and peroxymonosulfate. Paper presented at the
253rd American Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition, San Francisco, April 2–6,
2017
Filip J, Yngard RA, Siskova K, Marusak Z, Ettler V, Sajdl P, Sharma VK, Zboril R (2011)
Mechanisms and efficiency of the simultaneous removal of metals and cyanides by using
ferrate(VI): crucial roles of nanocrystalline iron(III) oxyhydroxides and metal carbonates.
Chem Eur J 17(36):10097–10105. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201100711
Han Q, Dong W, Wang H, Liu T, Tian Y, Song X (2018) Degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A by
ferrate(VI) oxidation: performance, inorganic and organic products, pathway and toxicity
control. Chemosphere 198:92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.117
198
L. Machala et al.
due to its high oxidation potential at relatively low dosage (Jiang and Lloyd 2002;
Kubiňáková et al. 2017; Rai et al. 2018).
Disinfection properties of ferrate were tested on various germs (Bacillus cereus,
Streptococcus bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Enterococcus
faecalis, and Salmonella typhimurium) and virus coliphage f2 (Picornaviridae)
(Rai et al. 2018; Kubiňáková et al. 2017; Birošová et al. 2014; Sharma et al.
2015). This virus is usually present in sewage water and is highly resistant to
chlorination (Kazama 1995). The algae caused a growing problem not only in
cooling water but also in the production of drinking water. Algae removal from
water is difficult because of their small size and the low specific gravity. Alga
Cladophora aegagropila has been effectively eliminated by electrochemically
synthetized potassium ferrate. The mechanism of action of Fe(VI) on the cells of
algae can be evaluated by microscopic examination. Any apparent damage to the cell
wall proved that ferrate(VI) penetrated into the cell and subsequently caused damage
to internal organelles (Kubiňáková et al. 2017).
References
Barışçı S, Särkkä H, Sillanpää M, Dimoglo A (2016) The treatment of greywater from a restaurant
by electrosynthesized ferrate (VI) ion. Desalin Water Treat 57(24):11375–11385. https://doi.
org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1038740
Birošová L, Mackul’ak T, Bodík I, Ryba J, Škubák J, Grabic R (2014) Pilot study of seasonal
occurrence and distribution of antibiotics and drug resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment
plants in Slovakia. Sci Total Environ 490:440–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.
030
Casbeer EM, Sharma VK, Zajickova Z, Dionysiou DD (2013) Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation
of tryptophan by ferrate(VI). Environ Sci Technol 47(9):4572–4580. https://doi.org/10.1021/
es305283k
Faridmarandi S, Naja GM (2014) Phosphorus and water budgets in an agricultural basin. Environ
Sci Technol 48(15):8481–8490. https://doi.org/10.1021/es500738v
Feng MB, Wang XH, Chen J, Qu RJ, Sui YX, Cizmas L, Wang ZY, Sharma VK (2016)
Degradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics by ferrate(VI): effects of water constituents and
oxidized products. Water Res 103:48–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.014
Feng M, Wang Z, Sharma VK (2017) Synergetic effect of the oxidation of fluoroquionolone
antibiotics by a combined use of ferrate(VI) and peroxymonosulfate. Paper presented at the
253rd American Chemical Society National Meeting & Exposition, San Francisco, April 2–6,
2017
Filip J, Yngard RA, Siskova K, Marusak Z, Ettler V, Sajdl P, Sharma VK, Zboril R (2011)
Mechanisms and efficiency of the simultaneous removal of metals and cyanides by using
ferrate(VI): crucial roles of nanocrystalline iron(III) oxyhydroxides and metal carbonates.
Chem Eur J 17(36):10097–10105. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201100711
Han Q, Dong W, Wang H, Liu T, Tian Y, Song X (2018) Degradation of tetrabromobisphenol A by
ferrate(VI) oxidation: performance, inorganic and organic products, pathway and toxicity
control. Chemosphere 198:92–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.117
198
L. Machala et al.