6.3.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)
ICP is an atomic emission spectroscopic technique which utilizes plasma for the
atomization process. Plasma contains an amazing portion of electrons and positive
ions which cancel out as well as neutralize molecules. The plasmas comprise of
very energizing and ionized gases which are produced in inert gases like argon.
They are helpful for dissociation of atoms as well as for the excitation and ionization to give atomic and ionic emissions. Comparing ICP with AAS, ICP gives
lower detection limits but needs a highly skilled operator. The major drawback of
all atomic spectroscopic methods is that they provide no data on the oxidation
condition of the element or its speciation. Like AAS, this technique additionally
requires a highly skilled operator and broad example preparation [31].
6.4 Fluorescence-Based Detection of Water Pollutants
Monitoring of water pollution is essential to avoid the health problem, the various
method used for the monitoring of pollution level in the water, for the regular
control of pollution level in water it requires a more rapid and fast technique to
analysing the water quality.
This method is useful for detection of various pollutants like organic matter,
trace organics and other pollutants which are found in marine, surface and ground
water.
Currently, the various method has been used for the detection of water pollutants, which is centred on traditional detection of water quality like ANNs (artificial
neural networks) and RVMs (relevance vector machines) [32]. However, this
process of water quality parameters has several limitation like it take a long time for
analysis, require various chemical reagent for analysis, not sensitive or less sensitive and generate various waste [33].
In comparison with the traditional method of water quality detection, the analysis based on spectra, detect the pollutants without separation or extraction, and this
is very simple and rapid, and it does not require any reagent for the detection of
contaminant [34]. Various researchers analyse the water contaminant or water
quality using UV-visible spectrophotometry technique [35, 36]. While based on this
method, the detection limit of some organic matter is not enough to achieve the
standard.
For the many years, fluorescence-based method has been used for the monitoring
of water quality, and also it is main technique for consistently measuring of organic
matter which is dissolved in water, pigment like chlorophyll and algae [37]. It
detects the organic matter at a lower limit than the UV-Visible spectrum, and also it
provides more information. This method requires less sample, and detect the sample
without processing; hence, it does not damage the structure of sample; it has high
selectivity good reproducibility and high sensitivity [38].
74
G. Tripathi et al.
ICP is an atomic emission spectroscopic technique which utilizes plasma for the
atomization process. Plasma contains an amazing portion of electrons and positive
ions which cancel out as well as neutralize molecules. The plasmas comprise of
very energizing and ionized gases which are produced in inert gases like argon.
They are helpful for dissociation of atoms as well as for the excitation and ionization to give atomic and ionic emissions. Comparing ICP with AAS, ICP gives
lower detection limits but needs a highly skilled operator. The major drawback of
all atomic spectroscopic methods is that they provide no data on the oxidation
condition of the element or its speciation. Like AAS, this technique additionally
requires a highly skilled operator and broad example preparation [31].
6.4 Fluorescence-Based Detection of Water Pollutants
Monitoring of water pollution is essential to avoid the health problem, the various
method used for the monitoring of pollution level in the water, for the regular
control of pollution level in water it requires a more rapid and fast technique to
analysing the water quality.
This method is useful for detection of various pollutants like organic matter,
trace organics and other pollutants which are found in marine, surface and ground
water.
Currently, the various method has been used for the detection of water pollutants, which is centred on traditional detection of water quality like ANNs (artificial
neural networks) and RVMs (relevance vector machines) [32]. However, this
process of water quality parameters has several limitation like it take a long time for
analysis, require various chemical reagent for analysis, not sensitive or less sensitive and generate various waste [33].
In comparison with the traditional method of water quality detection, the analysis based on spectra, detect the pollutants without separation or extraction, and this
is very simple and rapid, and it does not require any reagent for the detection of
contaminant [34]. Various researchers analyse the water contaminant or water
quality using UV-visible spectrophotometry technique [35, 36]. While based on this
method, the detection limit of some organic matter is not enough to achieve the
standard.
For the many years, fluorescence-based method has been used for the monitoring
of water quality, and also it is main technique for consistently measuring of organic
matter which is dissolved in water, pigment like chlorophyll and algae [37]. It
detects the organic matter at a lower limit than the UV-Visible spectrum, and also it
provides more information. This method requires less sample, and detect the sample
without processing; hence, it does not damage the structure of sample; it has high
selectivity good reproducibility and high sensitivity [38].
74
G. Tripathi et al.