colored papers, towels in wiping body and in cooking is an additional way of
revelation to human [86]. Dyes are considered as one of the carcinogenic and
mutagenic chemicals.
3.6 Microbial Contaminants
Pathogens enter in the water through various sources such as sewage discharge,
industrial wastewater. Virus and bacteria such as Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter,
Salmonella,
Shigella, can lead into water born diseases. Cholera, typhoid, dysentery, polio,
hepatitis are some of the common diseases which are seen in human beings caused
by the water pollutants.
Exposed water is easily contaminated by saprobic microorganism when comes
under the contact of air, soil and sediments [87]. Microbial contagion of water can
be identified by inspection for few organisms counting heterotrophic bacteria,
coliforms, and Escherichia coli in such samples. Microbial contamination is more
in lake water and abundant in heterotrophic bacteria [88]. Some of the studies have
shown that, contamination by E. coli and coliforms were beyond the allowable limit
in the stagnant water bodies. Untreated disposal of sewage into water body and
human excreta has induced the high level of pathogens in the water ecosystem.
Some of the common examples of the water pathogens are under fecal contamination are total coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci/
enterococci, coliphage, and Clostridium perfringens. Coliforms are parts of the
family Enterobacteriaceae. The 38 Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World are
facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, nonsporing, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment
lactose with gas formation within 48 h at 35 °C. Humans and animals are one of the
biggest sources of fecal contamination.
3.7 Micro Plastics
Microplastics are tiny plastic piece <5 mm lengthy which can be destructive to our
sea and marine life. Microplastics can be classified by their origin. There are two
key varieties, primary and secondary. Primary microplastics are firmly made to be
that size, on the other hand secondary microplastics are minute piece of plastic that
crack down from bigger pieces. The complexity with microplastics is that they are
so tiny that they are generally not pulled out up by water filtration and make it out
into rivers and oceans. Microplastics are awful for the reason that fish and other
aquatic animals eat them and they die or have health troubles [89].
Microplastics are physical risks to organisms if ingested. The effects comprise
obstruction of the intestinal tract, reticence of gastric enzyme discharge, condensed
feeding stimulus, and diminish steroid hormone levels, interruption in ovulation and
54
S. Madhav et al.
revelation to human [86]. Dyes are considered as one of the carcinogenic and
mutagenic chemicals.
3.6 Microbial Contaminants
Pathogens enter in the water through various sources such as sewage discharge,
industrial wastewater. Virus and bacteria such as Cryptosporidium, Campylobacter,
Salmonella,
Shigella, can lead into water born diseases. Cholera, typhoid, dysentery, polio,
hepatitis are some of the common diseases which are seen in human beings caused
by the water pollutants.
Exposed water is easily contaminated by saprobic microorganism when comes
under the contact of air, soil and sediments [87]. Microbial contagion of water can
be identified by inspection for few organisms counting heterotrophic bacteria,
coliforms, and Escherichia coli in such samples. Microbial contamination is more
in lake water and abundant in heterotrophic bacteria [88]. Some of the studies have
shown that, contamination by E. coli and coliforms were beyond the allowable limit
in the stagnant water bodies. Untreated disposal of sewage into water body and
human excreta has induced the high level of pathogens in the water ecosystem.
Some of the common examples of the water pathogens are under fecal contamination are total coliforms, Escherichia coli, fecal coliforms, fecal streptococci/
enterococci, coliphage, and Clostridium perfringens. Coliforms are parts of the
family Enterobacteriaceae. The 38 Water Challenges of an Urbanizing World are
facultative anaerobic, Gram-negative, nonsporing, rod-shaped bacteria that ferment
lactose with gas formation within 48 h at 35 °C. Humans and animals are one of the
biggest sources of fecal contamination.
3.7 Micro Plastics
Microplastics are tiny plastic piece <5 mm lengthy which can be destructive to our
sea and marine life. Microplastics can be classified by their origin. There are two
key varieties, primary and secondary. Primary microplastics are firmly made to be
that size, on the other hand secondary microplastics are minute piece of plastic that
crack down from bigger pieces. The complexity with microplastics is that they are
so tiny that they are generally not pulled out up by water filtration and make it out
into rivers and oceans. Microplastics are awful for the reason that fish and other
aquatic animals eat them and they die or have health troubles [89].
Microplastics are physical risks to organisms if ingested. The effects comprise
obstruction of the intestinal tract, reticence of gastric enzyme discharge, condensed
feeding stimulus, and diminish steroid hormone levels, interruption in ovulation and
54
S. Madhav et al.