1 Introduction
Water is the most valuable reserve among all natural assets present on the Earth.
Earth is recognized as a blue planet because of the occurrence of plentiful water on
its surface [1, 2]. Owing to its exclusive structure and characteristics, water is taken
as a matrix of life [3, 4]. It is projected that 97.3% of the whole water present on the
earth is saline. The entire freshwater which is only 2.7% of whole water, approximately 68% is frozen in form of ice and glaciers 30% as groundwater and leftover
about 1.3% is found on the surface of the earth in lake and rivers (C.G.W.M. 1990).
Freshwater, especially is very important in context to sustenance as it is required
for household consumption and also as industrial and farming use. The water
applied for human utilization should be “safe and wholesome” i.e. odorless, colorless, and fine in taste and liberated from dangerous chemical agents and pathogen
[5]. The quality of water being used is, however, an important issue as a decrease in
quality of water reduces its utility for a human being and other organisms [6].
Any alteration in the physical, chemical and biological features of water that has
a destructive consequence on human health and living creatures can be expressed as
water pollution [7]. Water, not only, supports a range of human actions such as
drinking, bathing, and household use, irrigation etc., but also, act a key function in
the biogeochemical reaction below the surface [8, 9]. In the past few decades, this
scant resource has arrived at a position of crisis because of the exceptional
enhancement in arguing for freshwater demand due to a remarkable amplification in
population, mechanization, urbanization, and passionate farming actions [10].
Many industries causing water pollution through their effluents are sugar mills,
thermal power plants, distilleries, fertilizer, and cement industries, oil refineries,
paper, and pulp industries, tanneries, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and textiles with
dye and dye-intermediates [11]. Usually, these manufacturing units release their
bilge water into the nearby sewage system, water bodies in close proximity or
adjacent undeveloped lands which originate the environmental crisis [12, 13].
2 Indicators of Water Pollution
There are two major methods of determining the eminence of water. One is to take
water samples and evaluate the amount of various constituents that it holds. If the
constituents are unsafe or the values are too high, we can consider the water as
contaminated. This type of evaluation is known as chemical indicators of water
quality [14]. A different method to determine water excellence engages investigating the fish, insects, and other invertebrates who sustain in water. If numerous
diverse varieties of living organism can survive in a water body, the class is
expected to be very good; if the water bodies sustain no fish existence at all, the
quality is apparently much inferior. Assessment like this are named as biological
indicators of water eminence [15, 16].
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S. Madhav et al.
Water is the most valuable reserve among all natural assets present on the Earth.
Earth is recognized as a blue planet because of the occurrence of plentiful water on
its surface [1, 2]. Owing to its exclusive structure and characteristics, water is taken
as a matrix of life [3, 4]. It is projected that 97.3% of the whole water present on the
earth is saline. The entire freshwater which is only 2.7% of whole water, approximately 68% is frozen in form of ice and glaciers 30% as groundwater and leftover
about 1.3% is found on the surface of the earth in lake and rivers (C.G.W.M. 1990).
Freshwater, especially is very important in context to sustenance as it is required
for household consumption and also as industrial and farming use. The water
applied for human utilization should be “safe and wholesome” i.e. odorless, colorless, and fine in taste and liberated from dangerous chemical agents and pathogen
[5]. The quality of water being used is, however, an important issue as a decrease in
quality of water reduces its utility for a human being and other organisms [6].
Any alteration in the physical, chemical and biological features of water that has
a destructive consequence on human health and living creatures can be expressed as
water pollution [7]. Water, not only, supports a range of human actions such as
drinking, bathing, and household use, irrigation etc., but also, act a key function in
the biogeochemical reaction below the surface [8, 9]. In the past few decades, this
scant resource has arrived at a position of crisis because of the exceptional
enhancement in arguing for freshwater demand due to a remarkable amplification in
population, mechanization, urbanization, and passionate farming actions [10].
Many industries causing water pollution through their effluents are sugar mills,
thermal power plants, distilleries, fertilizer, and cement industries, oil refineries,
paper, and pulp industries, tanneries, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and textiles with
dye and dye-intermediates [11]. Usually, these manufacturing units release their
bilge water into the nearby sewage system, water bodies in close proximity or
adjacent undeveloped lands which originate the environmental crisis [12, 13].
2 Indicators of Water Pollution
There are two major methods of determining the eminence of water. One is to take
water samples and evaluate the amount of various constituents that it holds. If the
constituents are unsafe or the values are too high, we can consider the water as
contaminated. This type of evaluation is known as chemical indicators of water
quality [14]. A different method to determine water excellence engages investigating the fish, insects, and other invertebrates who sustain in water. If numerous
diverse varieties of living organism can survive in a water body, the class is
expected to be very good; if the water bodies sustain no fish existence at all, the
quality is apparently much inferior. Assessment like this are named as biological
indicators of water eminence [15, 16].
44
S. Madhav et al.