Table 4
Applications of the ICAs in various
fields
Application area
Analyte
Label
Sample type
Detection
limit
Time of detection
(min)
Reference
Pesticides
Carbofuran
Gold NPs
Water
32
lg/L
8–10
[83]
Triazophos
Gold NPs
Water
4
lg/L
8–10
[83]
Atrazine
Gold NPs
Water
1.0 ppb
5
[24]
Paraoxon Methyl
Magnetic Fe
3 O
4
aggregate
–
1.7 ng/mL
–
[24]
Carbaryl
Gold NPs
Agricultural products
100
lg/L
–
[84]
Metal ions
Hg
2+
Gold NPs
Water
1.1 nM
–
[85]
Cr
3+
Gold NPs
Water and serum
5 ng/mL
5
Hg
2+
Gold NPs
Water
6 nM
5
Cd
2+
Gold NPs
Drinking and Tap
water
0.4 ppb
–
[86]
Cu
2+
Gold NPs
Water
10 nM
–
[87]
Toxins
Clenbuterol
Fluorescent Nano
silica
Urine
0.037 ng/L
–
[88]
Clenbuterol
Gold NPs
Urine
0.1 ng/mL
10
[84]
Pathogens
Escherichia coli
mRNA
Liposome
Drinking water
5 fM
15–20
[89]
Pharmaceuticals and
drugs
Enrofloxacin
Gold NPs
Chicken muscles
0.138
lg/kg
5–10
[90]
Sulphonamide
Gold NPs
Egg and chicken
muscles
10 ng/mL
15
[91]
Morphine
Gold NPs
Urine
2.5 ng/mL
–
[92]
Chloramphenicol
Gold NPs
Milk
10 ng/mL
10
[93]
Immunochromatographic Strip Based Sensor for the Detection …
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