(e) Pathogens
Pathogens are small microbes that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, pillows, and certain parasites. Viruses generally present in wastewater are Hepatitis
and Norwalk virus and a common fungus is Candida. A salmonella bacterium
causes food poisoning whereas Vibrio cholera is the pathogen that causes cholera.
Parasites such as Cryptosporidium and Schistosoma can cause diarrhea and all
wastewater pathogens can lead to serious gastrointestinal illness [1].
(f) Nutrients and Agricultural Pollutants
As a result, the use of large quantities of chemical fertilizers in agriculture causes so
many environmental problems as some fertilizers contain heavy metals (e.g. cadmium and chromium) and high radionuclide concentrations. Non-organic fertilizer
contains salts of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and potassium. Manufactured fertilizer industry contains excess heavy metals such as Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Ni, and
Cu. Heavy metal fertilizer is deposited in the soil and plant system. Plants absorb
fertilizers through the soil; they can enter the food chain that contaminates the water
[11].
(g) Thermal Pollution
The temperature alteration in water bodies, as a result thermal pollution occurs. The
thermal power plants discharge causes raise in temperature of aquatic system of
10 °C. Therefore, very serious effect on aquatic life due to global warms by thermal
effect. Use of wind and solar energy in place of thermal energy. Thermal pollution
decreases by plantation and reduce the emitting of carbon dioxide in environment
[14].
6 Status of Ground Water
As we know that the groundwater is found beneath the surface water as it occupies
fissures, pores, channels as well as other types of void spaces in the rock framework
which are not filled with other materials like liquid hydrocarbons, solid mineral
matters as well as various gases including air [2].
Globally the annual requirement of water is 6000–7000 km
3 and the globally
reserve groundwater is about 7,000,000 km
3 [15]. Due to the pressure of the
modern agriculture, urban lifestyle, industries the spread of contamination in water
will doubles their speed and as a result cause many hazardous things like various
types of diseases. In China’s Northern provinces about 10 larger cities are using
ground water which was a major concern in China [16]. Most of the sources of the
private groundwater are located in the rural areas that are characterized by the
ubiquity of animal as well as human contaminant sources with a lot of unregulated
in the terms of treatment, design, location and maintenance and are associated with
the low levels of institutional as well as consumer awareness [17].
14
J. Singh et al.
Pathogens are small microbes that cause disease, including bacteria, viruses, pillows, and certain parasites. Viruses generally present in wastewater are Hepatitis
and Norwalk virus and a common fungus is Candida. A salmonella bacterium
causes food poisoning whereas Vibrio cholera is the pathogen that causes cholera.
Parasites such as Cryptosporidium and Schistosoma can cause diarrhea and all
wastewater pathogens can lead to serious gastrointestinal illness [1].
(f) Nutrients and Agricultural Pollutants
As a result, the use of large quantities of chemical fertilizers in agriculture causes so
many environmental problems as some fertilizers contain heavy metals (e.g. cadmium and chromium) and high radionuclide concentrations. Non-organic fertilizer
contains salts of phosphate, nitrate, ammonium and potassium. Manufactured fertilizer industry contains excess heavy metals such as Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cu, Ni, and
Cu. Heavy metal fertilizer is deposited in the soil and plant system. Plants absorb
fertilizers through the soil; they can enter the food chain that contaminates the water
[11].
(g) Thermal Pollution
The temperature alteration in water bodies, as a result thermal pollution occurs. The
thermal power plants discharge causes raise in temperature of aquatic system of
10 °C. Therefore, very serious effect on aquatic life due to global warms by thermal
effect. Use of wind and solar energy in place of thermal energy. Thermal pollution
decreases by plantation and reduce the emitting of carbon dioxide in environment
[14].
6 Status of Ground Water
As we know that the groundwater is found beneath the surface water as it occupies
fissures, pores, channels as well as other types of void spaces in the rock framework
which are not filled with other materials like liquid hydrocarbons, solid mineral
matters as well as various gases including air [2].
Globally the annual requirement of water is 6000–7000 km
3 and the globally
reserve groundwater is about 7,000,000 km
3 [15]. Due to the pressure of the
modern agriculture, urban lifestyle, industries the spread of contamination in water
will doubles their speed and as a result cause many hazardous things like various
types of diseases. In China’s Northern provinces about 10 larger cities are using
ground water which was a major concern in China [16]. Most of the sources of the
private groundwater are located in the rural areas that are characterized by the
ubiquity of animal as well as human contaminant sources with a lot of unregulated
in the terms of treatment, design, location and maintenance and are associated with
the low levels of institutional as well as consumer awareness [17].
14
J. Singh et al.