structure, stability, and chemical compatibility. Mostly, opted substrates are based
upon cellulose derivatives like cellulose paper, chromatography paper, printer
paper, etc., polymeric membranes like polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF),
polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Like as, Zhou et al.
reported a quenching paper based sensor using Fluorescent Nitrogen-Doped
Graphene Quantum Dots for the detection of Fe(III) and fabricated a paper strip
using inkjet printing technology by HP inkjet printer 2050 onto bond paper. Te
printed patterns were observed and photographed under 365 nm ultraviolet lamp,
and the fluorescence intensity of the paper was scanned by fluorescence spectrometer [29].
4.2 Read-Out Signalling Approaches
The advancements in colorimetric sensing with the aid of ubiquitous consumer
electronic products (like scanners, computers, mobile phones, etc.) as read-outs is a
moderately new research arena. On the basis of reviewed literature, we have further
analysed these consumer electronic products as read-out signalling approaches on
the basis of commercial parameters such as market growth and user-friendliness as
shown in Fig. 9.
Smartphones/mobiles (such as Apple, Samsung, OnePlus, and Nokia) have
distinguished features of onboard processing potential similar to the hand-held
reader. Furthermore, their worthy assets namely portability, user friendliness, and
onboard image processing capability makes them a suitable candidate in this field.
Like as, camera are also equipped with higher bandwidth data transfer methods to
acquire images in a fraction of seconds. However, images acquired by the digital
camera/camera can be affected by the improper focusing, alignment, lighting
conditions, and many other factors. Furthermore, the high cost of digital cameras
Fig. 9 Consumer electronic products as read-out signalling approaches: market potential and
user-friendliness
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R. Jain et al.
upon cellulose derivatives like cellulose paper, chromatography paper, printer
paper, etc., polymeric membranes like polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF),
polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Like as, Zhou et al.
reported a quenching paper based sensor using Fluorescent Nitrogen-Doped
Graphene Quantum Dots for the detection of Fe(III) and fabricated a paper strip
using inkjet printing technology by HP inkjet printer 2050 onto bond paper. Te
printed patterns were observed and photographed under 365 nm ultraviolet lamp,
and the fluorescence intensity of the paper was scanned by fluorescence spectrometer [29].
4.2 Read-Out Signalling Approaches
The advancements in colorimetric sensing with the aid of ubiquitous consumer
electronic products (like scanners, computers, mobile phones, etc.) as read-outs is a
moderately new research arena. On the basis of reviewed literature, we have further
analysed these consumer electronic products as read-out signalling approaches on
the basis of commercial parameters such as market growth and user-friendliness as
shown in Fig. 9.
Smartphones/mobiles (such as Apple, Samsung, OnePlus, and Nokia) have
distinguished features of onboard processing potential similar to the hand-held
reader. Furthermore, their worthy assets namely portability, user friendliness, and
onboard image processing capability makes them a suitable candidate in this field.
Like as, camera are also equipped with higher bandwidth data transfer methods to
acquire images in a fraction of seconds. However, images acquired by the digital
camera/camera can be affected by the improper focusing, alignment, lighting
conditions, and many other factors. Furthermore, the high cost of digital cameras
Fig. 9 Consumer electronic products as read-out signalling approaches: market potential and
user-friendliness
138
R. Jain et al.