in the in situ making of chloramines as a remaining sterilizer to uphold the sterile
condition of supply arrangements. Prolonged exposure to cyanide above MCL
value (0.2 mg/L) may cause weight loss, thyroid and nerve impairment [22].
Nitride (MCL 10 mg/L) is found in sewage from humans and/or farmhouse and
commonly overflows into water sources. Extreme intake of nitrate can cause serious
ailments such as methaemoglobinaemia, or blue-baby syndrome in infants, because
of interfering oxygen transport in the blood [23, 24].
(ii) Organic Contaminants may include pesticides, gas or liquid-phase volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), slurry’s, gums, chemicals, crude wax, paper, plastic,
timber etc. Contamination through organic materials may leads to severe diseases
such as cancers, hormonal disturbances, and nervous system ailment [25–28].
Pesticides embrace all substances that are used to abolish or regulate pests such as
insects, weeds, fungi, and others. They also play a significant role in food production or increase yields and facilitates cropping several times a year. In farming,
herbicides (weeds), insecticides (insects), fungicides (fungi) and rodenticides
(vertebrate poisons) are commonly used which imparts chronic health issues,
depending on the amount. For instance, let’s take an example for commonly used
pesticides namely, organophosphates and carbamates, causes partial or permanent
damage to the nervous system and endocrine system, skin or eye irritation, and it is
cancer causing too [29].
(iii) Biological Contamination is produced through the existence of active living
entities, such as algae, bacteria, protozoan or viruses. E. coli is the most commonly
occurring coliform in intestines. It yields toxins that harm the intestinal lining, cause
anemia, stomach pains, and bloody diarrhea [30]. Another abundantly existing
microscopic species is Algae which are reliant on water nutrients such as phosphorus. Excessive algae growing imparts bad odor problem and clogs filters, and
yields slime growths. Similarly, bacteria, viruses and protozoa are also the pathogens causing water contamination resulting in water borne diseases such as
dysentery, cholera and gastroenteritis [28, 30].
(iv) Radiological Contaminants are unwanted radionuclides which enter into
water sources. In drinking water, naturally occurring radiological isotopes of
radium, uranium and radon were reported. They added up in groundwater due to
weathering of granitic rocks and other minerals. Sometimes human activity changes
and spreads naturally-occurring radiological, resulting increased potential levels.
Referred to as Technologically Enhanced Radioactive Material (TENORM), and
are originated as industrial wastes from industries like coal (mining and combustion), oil and gas industry, Fertilizer (phosphate) and recycling industries.
Commonly found radiological element in drinking water is Uranium. It is kidney
venom and has been linked with an rise in trivial calcium release and increased
microglobulinemia [6, 31].
110
C. Sharma et al.
condition of supply arrangements. Prolonged exposure to cyanide above MCL
value (0.2 mg/L) may cause weight loss, thyroid and nerve impairment [22].
Nitride (MCL 10 mg/L) is found in sewage from humans and/or farmhouse and
commonly overflows into water sources. Extreme intake of nitrate can cause serious
ailments such as methaemoglobinaemia, or blue-baby syndrome in infants, because
of interfering oxygen transport in the blood [23, 24].
(ii) Organic Contaminants may include pesticides, gas or liquid-phase volatile
organic compounds (VOCs), slurry’s, gums, chemicals, crude wax, paper, plastic,
timber etc. Contamination through organic materials may leads to severe diseases
such as cancers, hormonal disturbances, and nervous system ailment [25–28].
Pesticides embrace all substances that are used to abolish or regulate pests such as
insects, weeds, fungi, and others. They also play a significant role in food production or increase yields and facilitates cropping several times a year. In farming,
herbicides (weeds), insecticides (insects), fungicides (fungi) and rodenticides
(vertebrate poisons) are commonly used which imparts chronic health issues,
depending on the amount. For instance, let’s take an example for commonly used
pesticides namely, organophosphates and carbamates, causes partial or permanent
damage to the nervous system and endocrine system, skin or eye irritation, and it is
cancer causing too [29].
(iii) Biological Contamination is produced through the existence of active living
entities, such as algae, bacteria, protozoan or viruses. E. coli is the most commonly
occurring coliform in intestines. It yields toxins that harm the intestinal lining, cause
anemia, stomach pains, and bloody diarrhea [30]. Another abundantly existing
microscopic species is Algae which are reliant on water nutrients such as phosphorus. Excessive algae growing imparts bad odor problem and clogs filters, and
yields slime growths. Similarly, bacteria, viruses and protozoa are also the pathogens causing water contamination resulting in water borne diseases such as
dysentery, cholera and gastroenteritis [28, 30].
(iv) Radiological Contaminants are unwanted radionuclides which enter into
water sources. In drinking water, naturally occurring radiological isotopes of
radium, uranium and radon were reported. They added up in groundwater due to
weathering of granitic rocks and other minerals. Sometimes human activity changes
and spreads naturally-occurring radiological, resulting increased potential levels.
Referred to as Technologically Enhanced Radioactive Material (TENORM), and
are originated as industrial wastes from industries like coal (mining and combustion), oil and gas industry, Fertilizer (phosphate) and recycling industries.
Commonly found radiological element in drinking water is Uranium. It is kidney
venom and has been linked with an rise in trivial calcium release and increased
microglobulinemia [6, 31].
110
C. Sharma et al.