11
via dehydration of 1,3-butanediol which is also biologically produced (Genomatica).
Bioethanol represents another renewable source of 1,3-butadiene, produced via
Ostromisslensky or Lebedev reactions (Jones 2014) (Cespi et al. 2016).
Butadiene can be obtained from a mixture of ethanol and acetaldehyde (Fig. 1.3)
in a two-step reaction (Ostromisslensky).
Later, Lebedev discovered a direct ethanol conversion pathway into butadiene
(Fig. 1.4) using zinc oxide and alumina at 400 °C (Cespi et al. 2016). Therefore,
1,3-butadiene is finally transformed in the adipic acid final product.
1.3.2 Production of Hydroxy Acids in Engineered
Microorganisms
Hydroxy acids, also known as carboxylic acids, represent a class of attractive platform compounds that can be used as precursors for many commercially interesting
compounds.
3-Hydroxypropionic Acid
By a biotechnological viewpoint, 3-hydroxypropionic (3-HP) acid is an attractive
platform chemical since it can be used as a precursor for biosynthesis of acetaldehyde, acrylate, acrylamide, methyl acrylate, and 1,3-propanediol, as well as polyesters consisting of 3-HP monomers (Andreeßen et al. 2014) and copolyesters in
different
combinations
with
3-hydroxybutyrate,
3-hydroxyhexanoate,
3-hydroxyoctanoate, and lactate (Andreeßen and Steinbüchel 2010). The most
characterized copolyester is the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate)
Fig. 1.4 Lebedev reaction
Fig. 1.3 Ostromisslensky reaction
1 Use of Carbon Dioxide in Polymer Synthesis
via dehydration of 1,3-butanediol which is also biologically produced (Genomatica).
Bioethanol represents another renewable source of 1,3-butadiene, produced via
Ostromisslensky or Lebedev reactions (Jones 2014) (Cespi et al. 2016).
Butadiene can be obtained from a mixture of ethanol and acetaldehyde (Fig. 1.3)
in a two-step reaction (Ostromisslensky).
Later, Lebedev discovered a direct ethanol conversion pathway into butadiene
(Fig. 1.4) using zinc oxide and alumina at 400 °C (Cespi et al. 2016). Therefore,
1,3-butadiene is finally transformed in the adipic acid final product.
1.3.2 Production of Hydroxy Acids in Engineered
Microorganisms
Hydroxy acids, also known as carboxylic acids, represent a class of attractive platform compounds that can be used as precursors for many commercially interesting
compounds.
3-Hydroxypropionic Acid
By a biotechnological viewpoint, 3-hydroxypropionic (3-HP) acid is an attractive
platform chemical since it can be used as a precursor for biosynthesis of acetaldehyde, acrylate, acrylamide, methyl acrylate, and 1,3-propanediol, as well as polyesters consisting of 3-HP monomers (Andreeßen et al. 2014) and copolyesters in
different
combinations
with
3-hydroxybutyrate,
3-hydroxyhexanoate,
3-hydroxyoctanoate, and lactate (Andreeßen and Steinbüchel 2010). The most
characterized copolyester is the poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxypropionate)
Fig. 1.4 Lebedev reaction
Fig. 1.3 Ostromisslensky reaction
1 Use of Carbon Dioxide in Polymer Synthesis