187
(2016) on the energy consumption from all resources from 1990 until 2040, it was
found that fossil fuel remains as the primary energy resource with 78% usage from
the total energy consumption. Global natural gas and coal consumption are increasing by 1.9% and 0.6%, respectively, from 2012 to 2040. Additionally, there is a
rapid growth in nuclear energy consumption with 2.3% increment, and renewable
energy has been projected to be the fastest to grow with 2.6% increment from 1992
to 2040 (International Energy Outlook 2016).
According to ASEAN Centre for Energy (Lean and Smyth 2010), energy consumption in ASEAN countries is predicted to rise from 200 million ton oil equivalent (MTOE) in 2000 to 580 MTOE in 2020. Transportation consumes the highest
energy, which constitutes 47%, while the other sectors, such as industry, accounted
for 25%, commercial and residential 14%, non-energy 12%, and agriculture 2%
(Lean and Smyth 2014). In general, the surge in energy consumption especially fossil fuels will result in the fluctuating price of fossil-based energy in the market,
exhaustion of fossil-based resources, and global climate change due to carbon emission. Hence, renewable energy is gaining attention as an alternative energy.
Among the alternative energies, syngas consisting of hydrogen (H 2 ) and carbon
monoxide (CO) has appeared as the potential alternative for various downstream
productions such as the production of ammonia and as the feedstock for methanol
synthesis, fuel cells, and Fisher–Tropsch reaction. This hydrogen-based energy
solution is also considered as a clean and environmental friendly energy due to its
clean emission and high efficiency and becomes one of the potential alternatives in
reducing the dependency towards the nonrenewable energy sources. Syngas is normally derived from different hydrocarbon materials and produced through the
hydrocarbon reforming and electrolysis processes (Chakik et al. 2017). Both processes are commonly chosen by the industry; however, the constraints are majorly
coming from the high processing cost and feed price.
The development and utilization of renewable sources as an alternative energy is
one of the solutions to resolve the issues related to the depletion of fossil fuel.
Renewable source is very important as it can sustain the sources for energy demand
that currently relies on nonrenewable sources. Various potential renewable feedstocks should be introduced so that the aim in replacing nonrenewable sources can
be achieved. Biomass is suggested as one of the potential solutions to replace the
nonrenewable sources. Biomass is a renewable source of energy that is derived from
animal or plant. It is more economical compared to fossil fuels as it provides clean
energy that has zero emission of carbon dioxide and less emission of soot, sulfur
dioxide, and nitrogen oxide (Balat 2009). Vegetable oil, animal fat, wood, crop, and
garbage are the examples of biomass that are used as raw materials or feedstocks in
energy production.
Recently, the valorization of biomass particularly glycerol as the alternative
feedstock for syngas production has gained substantial attentions from researchers
worldwide (Charisiou et al. 2017). Glycerol, a by-product from biodiesel production, faced oversupply crisis due to the massive production of biodiesel, thus bringing down its commercial value. It is estimated that about 10% of glycerol is
generated from biodiesel production, which is about 1.05 pound of glycerol pro7 A Short Review on Production of Syngas via Glycerol Dry Reforming
(2016) on the energy consumption from all resources from 1990 until 2040, it was
found that fossil fuel remains as the primary energy resource with 78% usage from
the total energy consumption. Global natural gas and coal consumption are increasing by 1.9% and 0.6%, respectively, from 2012 to 2040. Additionally, there is a
rapid growth in nuclear energy consumption with 2.3% increment, and renewable
energy has been projected to be the fastest to grow with 2.6% increment from 1992
to 2040 (International Energy Outlook 2016).
According to ASEAN Centre for Energy (Lean and Smyth 2010), energy consumption in ASEAN countries is predicted to rise from 200 million ton oil equivalent (MTOE) in 2000 to 580 MTOE in 2020. Transportation consumes the highest
energy, which constitutes 47%, while the other sectors, such as industry, accounted
for 25%, commercial and residential 14%, non-energy 12%, and agriculture 2%
(Lean and Smyth 2014). In general, the surge in energy consumption especially fossil fuels will result in the fluctuating price of fossil-based energy in the market,
exhaustion of fossil-based resources, and global climate change due to carbon emission. Hence, renewable energy is gaining attention as an alternative energy.
Among the alternative energies, syngas consisting of hydrogen (H 2 ) and carbon
monoxide (CO) has appeared as the potential alternative for various downstream
productions such as the production of ammonia and as the feedstock for methanol
synthesis, fuel cells, and Fisher–Tropsch reaction. This hydrogen-based energy
solution is also considered as a clean and environmental friendly energy due to its
clean emission and high efficiency and becomes one of the potential alternatives in
reducing the dependency towards the nonrenewable energy sources. Syngas is normally derived from different hydrocarbon materials and produced through the
hydrocarbon reforming and electrolysis processes (Chakik et al. 2017). Both processes are commonly chosen by the industry; however, the constraints are majorly
coming from the high processing cost and feed price.
The development and utilization of renewable sources as an alternative energy is
one of the solutions to resolve the issues related to the depletion of fossil fuel.
Renewable source is very important as it can sustain the sources for energy demand
that currently relies on nonrenewable sources. Various potential renewable feedstocks should be introduced so that the aim in replacing nonrenewable sources can
be achieved. Biomass is suggested as one of the potential solutions to replace the
nonrenewable sources. Biomass is a renewable source of energy that is derived from
animal or plant. It is more economical compared to fossil fuels as it provides clean
energy that has zero emission of carbon dioxide and less emission of soot, sulfur
dioxide, and nitrogen oxide (Balat 2009). Vegetable oil, animal fat, wood, crop, and
garbage are the examples of biomass that are used as raw materials or feedstocks in
energy production.
Recently, the valorization of biomass particularly glycerol as the alternative
feedstock for syngas production has gained substantial attentions from researchers
worldwide (Charisiou et al. 2017). Glycerol, a by-product from biodiesel production, faced oversupply crisis due to the massive production of biodiesel, thus bringing down its commercial value. It is estimated that about 10% of glycerol is
generated from biodiesel production, which is about 1.05 pound of glycerol pro7 A Short Review on Production of Syngas via Glycerol Dry Reforming