181
Bard AJ, Fox MA, Fox A (2002) Artificial photosynthesis: solar splitting of water to hydrogen and
oxygen artificial photosynthesis: solar splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen. Acc Chem
Res 28:141–145. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00051a007
Battle M, Bender M, Sowers T et al (1996) Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past
century measured in air from firn at the South Pole. Nature 383:231–235. https://doi.
org/10.1038/383231a0
Bontemps S, Sabo-Etienne S (2013) Trapping formaldehyde in the homogeneous catalytic reduction
of carbon dioxide. Angew Chem 125:10443–10445. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201304025
Bontemps S, Vendier L, Sabo-Etienne S (2014) Ruthenium-catalyzed reduction of carbon dioxide
to formaldehyde. J Am Chem Soc 136:4419–4425. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja500708w
Chai GL, Guo ZX (2016) Highly effective sites and selectivity of nitrogen-doped graphene/CNT
catalysts for CO 2 electrochemical reduction. Chem Sci 7:1268–1275. https://doi.org/10.1039/
c5sc03695j
Chan FL, Altinkaya G, Fung N, Tanksale A (2018) Low temperature hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into formaldehyde in liquid media. Catal Today 309:242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
CATTOD.2017.06.012
Chen S, Zhu L, Lin J et al (2013) Copper(II) imidazolate frameworks as highly efficient photocatalysts for reduction of CO 2 into methanol under visible light irradiation. J Solid State Chem
203:154–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2013.04.016
Dong C, Ji M, Yang X et al (2017) Reaction mechanisms of CO 2 reduction to formaldehyde catalyzed by hourglass Ru, Fe, and Os complexes: a density functional theory study. Catalysts 7:5.
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7010005
Fujishima A, Terashima C, Ozaki T et al (2013) High-yield electrochemical production of formaldehyde from CO 2 and seawater. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:871–874. https://doi.org/10.1002/
anie.201308657
Ganesh I (2014) Conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol – a potential liquid fuel: fundamental challenges and opportunities (a review). Renew Sust Energ Rev 31:221–257. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.045
Gerlach T (2011) Volcanic versus anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Eos (Washington, DC) 92:201–
202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011EO240001
Ghosh SK, Pal T (2007) Interparticle coupling effect on the surface Plasmon resonance of gold
nanoparticles: from theory to applications. Chem Rev 107:4797–4862. https://doi.org/10.1021/
cr0680282
Habisreutinger SN, Schmidt-Mende L, Stolarczyk JK (2013) Photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 on
TiO 2 and other semiconductors. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:7372–7408. https://doi.org/10.1002/
anie.201207199
Heim LE, Konnerth H, Prechtl MHG (2017) Future perspectives for formaldehyde: pathways for
reductive synthesis and energy storage. Green Chem 19:2347–2355. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C6GC03093A
Hou W, Hung WH, Pavaskar P et al (2011) Photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to hydrocarbon fuels
via plasmon-enhanced absorption and metallic interband transitions. ACS Catal 1:929–936.
https://doi.org/10.1021/cs2001434
Iizuka K, Wato T, Miseki Y et al (2011) Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide over Ag
cocatalyst- loaded ALa 4 Ti 4 O 15 (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) using water as a reducing reagent. J Am
Chem Soc 133:20863–20868. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja207586e
Indrakanti VP, Schobert HH, Kubicki JD (2009) Quantum mechanical modeling of CO 2 interactions with irradiated stoichiometric and oxygen-deficient anatase TiO 2 surfaces: implications
for the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 . Energy Fuel 23:5247–5256. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef9003957
Ingram DB, Linic S, Christopher P (2011) Plasmonic-metal nanostructures for efficient conversion
of solar to chemical energy. Nat Mater 10:911–921. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3151
Jiang Z, Xiao T, Kuznetsov VL, Edwards PP (2010) Turning carbon dioxide into fuel. Philos Trans
R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 368:3343–3364. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0119
6 Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Formaldehyde
Bard AJ, Fox MA, Fox A (2002) Artificial photosynthesis: solar splitting of water to hydrogen and
oxygen artificial photosynthesis: solar splitting of water to hydrogen and oxygen. Acc Chem
Res 28:141–145. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00051a007
Battle M, Bender M, Sowers T et al (1996) Atmospheric gas concentrations over the past
century measured in air from firn at the South Pole. Nature 383:231–235. https://doi.
org/10.1038/383231a0
Bontemps S, Sabo-Etienne S (2013) Trapping formaldehyde in the homogeneous catalytic reduction
of carbon dioxide. Angew Chem 125:10443–10445. https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201304025
Bontemps S, Vendier L, Sabo-Etienne S (2014) Ruthenium-catalyzed reduction of carbon dioxide
to formaldehyde. J Am Chem Soc 136:4419–4425. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja500708w
Chai GL, Guo ZX (2016) Highly effective sites and selectivity of nitrogen-doped graphene/CNT
catalysts for CO 2 electrochemical reduction. Chem Sci 7:1268–1275. https://doi.org/10.1039/
c5sc03695j
Chan FL, Altinkaya G, Fung N, Tanksale A (2018) Low temperature hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into formaldehyde in liquid media. Catal Today 309:242–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.
CATTOD.2017.06.012
Chen S, Zhu L, Lin J et al (2013) Copper(II) imidazolate frameworks as highly efficient photocatalysts for reduction of CO 2 into methanol under visible light irradiation. J Solid State Chem
203:154–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2013.04.016
Dong C, Ji M, Yang X et al (2017) Reaction mechanisms of CO 2 reduction to formaldehyde catalyzed by hourglass Ru, Fe, and Os complexes: a density functional theory study. Catalysts 7:5.
https://doi.org/10.3390/catal7010005
Fujishima A, Terashima C, Ozaki T et al (2013) High-yield electrochemical production of formaldehyde from CO 2 and seawater. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:871–874. https://doi.org/10.1002/
anie.201308657
Ganesh I (2014) Conversion of carbon dioxide into methanol – a potential liquid fuel: fundamental challenges and opportunities (a review). Renew Sust Energ Rev 31:221–257. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.11.045
Gerlach T (2011) Volcanic versus anthropogenic carbon dioxide. Eos (Washington, DC) 92:201–
202. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011EO240001
Ghosh SK, Pal T (2007) Interparticle coupling effect on the surface Plasmon resonance of gold
nanoparticles: from theory to applications. Chem Rev 107:4797–4862. https://doi.org/10.1021/
cr0680282
Habisreutinger SN, Schmidt-Mende L, Stolarczyk JK (2013) Photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 on
TiO 2 and other semiconductors. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:7372–7408. https://doi.org/10.1002/
anie.201207199
Heim LE, Konnerth H, Prechtl MHG (2017) Future perspectives for formaldehyde: pathways for
reductive synthesis and energy storage. Green Chem 19:2347–2355. https://doi.org/10.1039/
C6GC03093A
Hou W, Hung WH, Pavaskar P et al (2011) Photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 to hydrocarbon fuels
via plasmon-enhanced absorption and metallic interband transitions. ACS Catal 1:929–936.
https://doi.org/10.1021/cs2001434
Iizuka K, Wato T, Miseki Y et al (2011) Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide over Ag
cocatalyst- loaded ALa 4 Ti 4 O 15 (A = Ca, Sr, and Ba) using water as a reducing reagent. J Am
Chem Soc 133:20863–20868. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja207586e
Indrakanti VP, Schobert HH, Kubicki JD (2009) Quantum mechanical modeling of CO 2 interactions with irradiated stoichiometric and oxygen-deficient anatase TiO 2 surfaces: implications
for the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 . Energy Fuel 23:5247–5256. https://doi.org/10.1021/
ef9003957
Ingram DB, Linic S, Christopher P (2011) Plasmonic-metal nanostructures for efficient conversion
of solar to chemical energy. Nat Mater 10:911–921. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3151
Jiang Z, Xiao T, Kuznetsov VL, Edwards PP (2010) Turning carbon dioxide into fuel. Philos Trans
R Soc A Math Phys Eng Sci 368:3343–3364. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0119
6 Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Formaldehyde