104
At following conditions, i.e., 120 °C temperatures, 4.0 MPa pressure for 2 h,
1.2 × 10
3
h
−1
highest activity, is achieved with this catalyst. It is also observed that
this catalyst is stable in comparison with monodented ligand complex (Xu et al.
2013).
Yuanyuan Zhang et al. (2015) synthesized found carbonyl hydride complexes of
iron(II) catalyst in the presence of Brønsted base, and containing either a secondary
or tertiary amine raises the catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid. The
remarkable results in the form enhancement in catalytic activity are detected in both
the secondary and tertiary amine cases with addition of co-catalysts, here Lewis
acid. Authors convinced that they have reported highest activity to date in the form
of turnover numbers of approximately 9000 and 60,000 for the secondary and tertiary amine supported system, respectively (Zhang et al. 2015).
Kai Rohmann et al. (2016) reported novel precatalyst [Ru(Acriphos)(PPh 3 )(Cl)
(PhCO 2 )] where Acriphos = 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)acridine, for the reduction
of CO 2 to form HCOOH in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and DMSO/H 2 O without
any co-reagents and under additive-free conditions. Results at optimized conditions
in the form of turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs) of up to
16 × 10
3
and avg.10
3
h
−1
were reported, respectively, to get maximum concentration
of free formic acid of 1.27 molL
−1
in the presence of little amount of acetic acid
(Rohmann et al. 2016).
Chao-Lung Chiang et al. (2017) reported the activity of Cu/CuCr 2 O 4 catalyst.
This catalyst gives 14.6% CO 2 conversion to yield 12.8% HCOOH and 87.8%
selectivity, and 4.19 and 0.84 values are for TON and TOF, respectively, at 140 °C
temperature and 30 bar of pressure for 5 h (Chiang et al. 2017).
Hongbing Song et al. (2017) developed production method for formate via the
reduction of carbon dioxide using a combination of palladium catalyst on chitin at
normal conditions. 0.25% of palladium/chitin shows high catalytic activity under
4 MPa in water at 60 °C after 1 h and turnover frequency of 257 h
−1
. The presence
of acetamide in chitin encourages the large extent dispersion of palladium molecule
on the exterior face and speed up the reduction of carbon dioxide (Song et al. 2017).
Aqueous biphasic systems were investigated by Martin Scott et al. (2017) with
cis-[Ru(dppm) 2 Cl 2 ] (dppm = bis-diphenylphosphinomethane) catalyzed CO 2 reduction for the formation of formic acid. The solvent pair of methyl isobutyl carbinol
(MIBC) and water led to the highest single batch activity of approximately
35,000 h
−1
and 180,000 h
−1
with a TOF av and TOF, respectively. At commercial
scale, a pair of methyl diethanolamine (aminosol CST 115) and monoethanolamine
(MEA) led to the highest productivity (Scott et al. 2017).
Qinggang Liu and team (2017) devised a catalytic route for the straight conversion of CO 2 using an imine-based gold nanoparticle with a turnover number approximately 14,470 for 12 h duration and at 90 °C (Liu et al. 2017).
Yi Zhao and co-worker (2018) developed a novel method with gaseous H 2 and
nano-scale zerovalent nickel (nZVN) catalyst for CO 2 reduction and also minimized
the energy consumption during reduction reaction. The authors achieved the results
in terms of the highest CO 2 absorption efficiency of 45.88% with formic acid selectivity of 40.81% (Zhao et al. 2018).
U. Fegade and G. Jethave
At following conditions, i.e., 120 °C temperatures, 4.0 MPa pressure for 2 h,
1.2 × 10
3
h
−1
highest activity, is achieved with this catalyst. It is also observed that
this catalyst is stable in comparison with monodented ligand complex (Xu et al.
2013).
Yuanyuan Zhang et al. (2015) synthesized found carbonyl hydride complexes of
iron(II) catalyst in the presence of Brønsted base, and containing either a secondary
or tertiary amine raises the catalytic reduction of carbon dioxide to formic acid. The
remarkable results in the form enhancement in catalytic activity are detected in both
the secondary and tertiary amine cases with addition of co-catalysts, here Lewis
acid. Authors convinced that they have reported highest activity to date in the form
of turnover numbers of approximately 9000 and 60,000 for the secondary and tertiary amine supported system, respectively (Zhang et al. 2015).
Kai Rohmann et al. (2016) reported novel precatalyst [Ru(Acriphos)(PPh 3 )(Cl)
(PhCO 2 )] where Acriphos = 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)acridine, for the reduction
of CO 2 to form HCOOH in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and DMSO/H 2 O without
any co-reagents and under additive-free conditions. Results at optimized conditions
in the form of turnover numbers (TONs) and turnover frequencies (TOFs) of up to
16 × 10
3
and avg.10
3
h
−1
were reported, respectively, to get maximum concentration
of free formic acid of 1.27 molL
−1
in the presence of little amount of acetic acid
(Rohmann et al. 2016).
Chao-Lung Chiang et al. (2017) reported the activity of Cu/CuCr 2 O 4 catalyst.
This catalyst gives 14.6% CO 2 conversion to yield 12.8% HCOOH and 87.8%
selectivity, and 4.19 and 0.84 values are for TON and TOF, respectively, at 140 °C
temperature and 30 bar of pressure for 5 h (Chiang et al. 2017).
Hongbing Song et al. (2017) developed production method for formate via the
reduction of carbon dioxide using a combination of palladium catalyst on chitin at
normal conditions. 0.25% of palladium/chitin shows high catalytic activity under
4 MPa in water at 60 °C after 1 h and turnover frequency of 257 h
−1
. The presence
of acetamide in chitin encourages the large extent dispersion of palladium molecule
on the exterior face and speed up the reduction of carbon dioxide (Song et al. 2017).
Aqueous biphasic systems were investigated by Martin Scott et al. (2017) with
cis-[Ru(dppm) 2 Cl 2 ] (dppm = bis-diphenylphosphinomethane) catalyzed CO 2 reduction for the formation of formic acid. The solvent pair of methyl isobutyl carbinol
(MIBC) and water led to the highest single batch activity of approximately
35,000 h
−1
and 180,000 h
−1
with a TOF av and TOF, respectively. At commercial
scale, a pair of methyl diethanolamine (aminosol CST 115) and monoethanolamine
(MEA) led to the highest productivity (Scott et al. 2017).
Qinggang Liu and team (2017) devised a catalytic route for the straight conversion of CO 2 using an imine-based gold nanoparticle with a turnover number approximately 14,470 for 12 h duration and at 90 °C (Liu et al. 2017).
Yi Zhao and co-worker (2018) developed a novel method with gaseous H 2 and
nano-scale zerovalent nickel (nZVN) catalyst for CO 2 reduction and also minimized
the energy consumption during reduction reaction. The authors achieved the results
in terms of the highest CO 2 absorption efficiency of 45.88% with formic acid selectivity of 40.81% (Zhao et al. 2018).
U. Fegade and G. Jethave