434
H. Jin
Chen et al. [130] constructed an aptasensor for simultaneous detection of CA125
and stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1), STIP1 is another biomarker secreted
by ovarian cancer tissues into the peripheral blood of patients [184]. Combined
measurement of CA125 and STIP1 could efficiently improve the early detection
of ovarian cancer. In Chen’s work, the researchers utilized the carboxyfluorescein
(FAM) labeled CA 125 aptamer with the fluorescence quenching method to identify CA 125, and to recover fluorescence using Cyanine-5-modified STIP1 aptamer.
The fluorescent sensor can, respectively, detect CA125 and STIP1 with the lowest
detectable concentration down to 0.05 U mL
−1 and 1 ng mL
−1 , which falls in the
expected range for clinical use of detecting devices.
Tripathi et al. [69] also developed a POCTs application to efficiently detect CA125
at the lowest level of 5.21 U/mL in only 20 min. This application provides a possibility
to monitor the dynamic variation of CA125 for cancer patients after surgery to identify
the recurrent diseases.
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA has been found in ca. 50% of
cervical tumors worldwide. It attributes to half of the cervical cancers [185]. The
viral E6 and E7 proteins of HPV16 [186] are involved in the initiation and maintenance of oncogenic processes by interfering with the activity of cellular tumor
suppressor proteins.
A Mexican group [187] isolated an RNA aptamer (Sc5c3e, KD = 0.05 pM) against
HPV16 L1 virus-like particles (VLPs). This RNA aptamer efficiently blocks HPV
infection in an in vitro experiment, which shows the proof-to-concept that Sc5c3 has
the potential to be used as a novel alternative of antibody to prevent HPV infection.
A France group [96, 188, 189] selected and characterized two RNA aptamers to
target HPV16 E7 (termed A2) and E6 (termed F2). Both of the aptamers can induce
apoptosis in SiHa cervical carcinoma cells by different target effects, which will lead
aptamer A2 and F2 to a promising clinical application prospect in the future.
AS1411, a G-rich DNA oligonucleotide that functions as an aptamer of the protein
nucleolin, is one of the frequently used DNA aptamers that can inhibit the viabilities
of various cancer cells. Recently, AS1411 aptamers and their analogs have been
introduced to cervical cancer in target therapies.
For example, Carvalho [190, 191] (Fig. 14. 4) intended to evaluate AS1411, and
its modified derivative as drug delivery elements to introduce an acridine orangebased ligand (C8) to HeLa cervical cancer cells, they proved that the complexes
could inhibit Hela cancer cells with no cytotoxicity towards non-malignant cells.
The efficiency for internalization into nucleolin-positive HeLa cells reaches 100%,
which indicated the aptamer can target nucleolin and deliver cytotoxic ligands to
treat cervical cancer.
In another preclinical study, Xu et, al reported a robust aptamer–polydopaminefunctionalized M-PLGA-TPGS (mannitol-functionalized poly (lactide-coglycolide)–D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) nanoformulation
for the delivery of docetaxel (DTX) with enhanced cervical cancer therapy effects
[192].
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER1/c-ErbB1) is overexpressed in
many solid cancers; it can work for the delivery to transport drug or therapeutic
H. Jin
Chen et al. [130] constructed an aptasensor for simultaneous detection of CA125
and stress-induced phosphoprotein 1 (STIP1), STIP1 is another biomarker secreted
by ovarian cancer tissues into the peripheral blood of patients [184]. Combined
measurement of CA125 and STIP1 could efficiently improve the early detection
of ovarian cancer. In Chen’s work, the researchers utilized the carboxyfluorescein
(FAM) labeled CA 125 aptamer with the fluorescence quenching method to identify CA 125, and to recover fluorescence using Cyanine-5-modified STIP1 aptamer.
The fluorescent sensor can, respectively, detect CA125 and STIP1 with the lowest
detectable concentration down to 0.05 U mL
−1 and 1 ng mL
−1 , which falls in the
expected range for clinical use of detecting devices.
Tripathi et al. [69] also developed a POCTs application to efficiently detect CA125
at the lowest level of 5.21 U/mL in only 20 min. This application provides a possibility
to monitor the dynamic variation of CA125 for cancer patients after surgery to identify
the recurrent diseases.
Human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) DNA has been found in ca. 50% of
cervical tumors worldwide. It attributes to half of the cervical cancers [185]. The
viral E6 and E7 proteins of HPV16 [186] are involved in the initiation and maintenance of oncogenic processes by interfering with the activity of cellular tumor
suppressor proteins.
A Mexican group [187] isolated an RNA aptamer (Sc5c3e, KD = 0.05 pM) against
HPV16 L1 virus-like particles (VLPs). This RNA aptamer efficiently blocks HPV
infection in an in vitro experiment, which shows the proof-to-concept that Sc5c3 has
the potential to be used as a novel alternative of antibody to prevent HPV infection.
A France group [96, 188, 189] selected and characterized two RNA aptamers to
target HPV16 E7 (termed A2) and E6 (termed F2). Both of the aptamers can induce
apoptosis in SiHa cervical carcinoma cells by different target effects, which will lead
aptamer A2 and F2 to a promising clinical application prospect in the future.
AS1411, a G-rich DNA oligonucleotide that functions as an aptamer of the protein
nucleolin, is one of the frequently used DNA aptamers that can inhibit the viabilities
of various cancer cells. Recently, AS1411 aptamers and their analogs have been
introduced to cervical cancer in target therapies.
For example, Carvalho [190, 191] (Fig. 14. 4) intended to evaluate AS1411, and
its modified derivative as drug delivery elements to introduce an acridine orangebased ligand (C8) to HeLa cervical cancer cells, they proved that the complexes
could inhibit Hela cancer cells with no cytotoxicity towards non-malignant cells.
The efficiency for internalization into nucleolin-positive HeLa cells reaches 100%,
which indicated the aptamer can target nucleolin and deliver cytotoxic ligands to
treat cervical cancer.
In another preclinical study, Xu et, al reported a robust aptamer–polydopaminefunctionalized M-PLGA-TPGS (mannitol-functionalized poly (lactide-coglycolide)–D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate) nanoformulation
for the delivery of docetaxel (DTX) with enhanced cervical cancer therapy effects
[192].
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/HER1/c-ErbB1) is overexpressed in
many solid cancers; it can work for the delivery to transport drug or therapeutic