370
J. Qu and J. Zhang
30. Gilbert JC, DeFeo-Fraulini T, Hutabarat RM, Horvath CJ, Merlino PG, Marsh HN, Healy
JM, Boufakhreddine S, Holohan TV, Schaub RG (2007) First-in-human evaluation of anti
von Willebrand factor therapeutic aptamer ARC1779 in healthy volunteers. Circulation
116(23):2678–2686. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.724864
31. Garcia JC, Bustos RH (2018) The genetic diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and
therapeutic perspectives. Brain Sci 8 (12). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8120222
32. Qu J, Yu S, Zheng Y, Zheng Y, Yang H, Zhang J (2017) Aptamer and its applications in
neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 74(4):683–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00018-016-2345-4
33. Bobkova NV, Poltavtseva RA, Leonov SV, Sukhikh GT (2020) Neuroregeneration: regulation in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Biochem Biokhimiia 85(Suppl 1):S108–S130.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920140060
34. Peng C, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2020) Protein transmission in neurodegenerative disease.
Nat Rev Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-0333-7
35. Gandhi J, Antonelli AC, Afridi A, Vatsia S, Joshi G, Romanov V, Murray IVJ, Khan SA (2019)
Protein misfolding and aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases: a review of pathogeneses,
novel detection strategies, and potential therapeutics. Rev Neurosci 30(4):339–358. https://
doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2016-0035
36. Espay AJ, Vizcarra JA, Marsili L, Lang AE, Simon DK, Merola A, Josephs KA, Fasano
A, Morgante F, Savica R, Greenamyre JT, Cambi F, Yamasaki TR, Tanner CM, Gan-Or Z,
Litvan I, Mata IF, Zabetian CP, Brundin P, Fernandez HH, Standaert DG, Kauffman MA,
Schwarzschild MA, Sardi SP, Sherer T, Perry G, Leverenz JB (2019) Revisiting protein
aggregation as pathogenic in sporadic Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. Neurol 92(7):329–
337. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006926
37. Chakrabarti S, Khemka VK, Banerjee A, Chatterjee G, Ganguly A, Biswas A (2015) Metabolic
risk factors of sporadic alzheimer’s disease: implications in the pathology, pathogenesis and
treatment. Aging Dis 6(4):282–299. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2014.002
38. Tiwari S, Atluri V, Kaushik A, Yndart A, Nair M (2019) Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis,
diagnostics, and therapeutics. Int J Nanomed 14:5541–5554. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S20
0490
39. Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures (2020) Alzheimer’s & dementia: the journal of the
Alzheimer’s Association. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12068
40. Reiman EM (2016) Alzheimer’s disease: attack on amyloid-beta protein. Nature
537(7618):36–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/537036a
41. Selkoe DJ (1994) Cell biology of the amyloid beta-protein precursor and the mechanism of
Alzheimer’s disease. Annu Rev Cell Biol 10:373–403. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.10.
110194.002105
42. Gong CX, Iqbal K (2008) Hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau: a
promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer disease. Curr Med Chem 15(23):2321–2328.
https://doi.org/10.2174/092986708785909111
43. Hu W, Zhang X, Tung YC, Xie S, Liu F, Iqbal K (2016) Hyperphosphorylation determines
both the spread and the morphology of tau pathology. Alzheimer’s Dement J Alzheimer’s
Assoc 12(10):1066–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.014
44. Mazanetz MP, Fischer PM (2007) Untangling tau hyperphosphorylation in drug design for
neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6(6):464–479. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd
2111
45. Tu S, Okamoto S, Lipton SA, Xu H (2014) Oligomeric Abeta-induced synaptic dysfunction
in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegene 9:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-9-48
46. Trambauer J, Fukumori A, Steiner H (2020) Pathogenic Abeta generation in familial
Alzheimer’s disease: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin
Neurobiol 61:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.011
47. Ylera F, Lurz R, Erdmann VA, Furste JP (2002) Selection of RNA aptamers to the Alzheimer’s
disease amyloid peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290(5):1583–1588. https://doi.org/
10.1006/bbrc.2002.6354
J. Qu and J. Zhang
30. Gilbert JC, DeFeo-Fraulini T, Hutabarat RM, Horvath CJ, Merlino PG, Marsh HN, Healy
JM, Boufakhreddine S, Holohan TV, Schaub RG (2007) First-in-human evaluation of anti
von Willebrand factor therapeutic aptamer ARC1779 in healthy volunteers. Circulation
116(23):2678–2686. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.724864
31. Garcia JC, Bustos RH (2018) The genetic diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and
therapeutic perspectives. Brain Sci 8 (12). https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci8120222
32. Qu J, Yu S, Zheng Y, Zheng Y, Yang H, Zhang J (2017) Aptamer and its applications in
neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci CMLS 74(4):683–695. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s00018-016-2345-4
33. Bobkova NV, Poltavtseva RA, Leonov SV, Sukhikh GT (2020) Neuroregeneration: regulation in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Biochem Biokhimiia 85(Suppl 1):S108–S130.
https://doi.org/10.1134/S0006297920140060
34. Peng C, Trojanowski JQ, Lee VM (2020) Protein transmission in neurodegenerative disease.
Nat Rev Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-020-0333-7
35. Gandhi J, Antonelli AC, Afridi A, Vatsia S, Joshi G, Romanov V, Murray IVJ, Khan SA (2019)
Protein misfolding and aggregation in neurodegenerative diseases: a review of pathogeneses,
novel detection strategies, and potential therapeutics. Rev Neurosci 30(4):339–358. https://
doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2016-0035
36. Espay AJ, Vizcarra JA, Marsili L, Lang AE, Simon DK, Merola A, Josephs KA, Fasano
A, Morgante F, Savica R, Greenamyre JT, Cambi F, Yamasaki TR, Tanner CM, Gan-Or Z,
Litvan I, Mata IF, Zabetian CP, Brundin P, Fernandez HH, Standaert DG, Kauffman MA,
Schwarzschild MA, Sardi SP, Sherer T, Perry G, Leverenz JB (2019) Revisiting protein
aggregation as pathogenic in sporadic Parkinson and Alzheimer diseases. Neurol 92(7):329–
337. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006926
37. Chakrabarti S, Khemka VK, Banerjee A, Chatterjee G, Ganguly A, Biswas A (2015) Metabolic
risk factors of sporadic alzheimer’s disease: implications in the pathology, pathogenesis and
treatment. Aging Dis 6(4):282–299. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2014.002
38. Tiwari S, Atluri V, Kaushik A, Yndart A, Nair M (2019) Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis,
diagnostics, and therapeutics. Int J Nanomed 14:5541–5554. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S20
0490
39. Alzheimer’s disease facts and figures (2020) Alzheimer’s & dementia: the journal of the
Alzheimer’s Association. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.12068
40. Reiman EM (2016) Alzheimer’s disease: attack on amyloid-beta protein. Nature
537(7618):36–37. https://doi.org/10.1038/537036a
41. Selkoe DJ (1994) Cell biology of the amyloid beta-protein precursor and the mechanism of
Alzheimer’s disease. Annu Rev Cell Biol 10:373–403. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cb.10.
110194.002105
42. Gong CX, Iqbal K (2008) Hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein tau: a
promising therapeutic target for Alzheimer disease. Curr Med Chem 15(23):2321–2328.
https://doi.org/10.2174/092986708785909111
43. Hu W, Zhang X, Tung YC, Xie S, Liu F, Iqbal K (2016) Hyperphosphorylation determines
both the spread and the morphology of tau pathology. Alzheimer’s Dement J Alzheimer’s
Assoc 12(10):1066–1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.01.014
44. Mazanetz MP, Fischer PM (2007) Untangling tau hyperphosphorylation in drug design for
neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 6(6):464–479. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd
2111
45. Tu S, Okamoto S, Lipton SA, Xu H (2014) Oligomeric Abeta-induced synaptic dysfunction
in Alzheimer’s disease. Mol Neurodegene 9:48. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1326-9-48
46. Trambauer J, Fukumori A, Steiner H (2020) Pathogenic Abeta generation in familial
Alzheimer’s disease: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic implications. Curr Opin
Neurobiol 61:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2020.01.011
47. Ylera F, Lurz R, Erdmann VA, Furste JP (2002) Selection of RNA aptamers to the Alzheimer’s
disease amyloid peptide. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 290(5):1583–1588. https://doi.org/
10.1006/bbrc.2002.6354