216
T. Zhang et al.
Table 8.3 A summary of aptamer-based assay for the diagnosis of anthrax
Assay
Target Type of aptamer
Limit of
detection
Dynamic range References
ELISA
LF
DNA
10 nM
–
[43]
ELISA
PA
DNA
–
–
[44]
Fluorometrical
assay
PA
DNA
1 nM
–
[46]
Electrochemical
assay
PA
GO/AuNPs-DNA 1.2 aM
12 aM–120 fM
[47]
Fluorometrical
assay
PA
MWCNTs-DNA
20 ng/mL 5–80 ng/mL
[50]
was achieved (Fig. 8.3b). Additionally, AuNPs conjugated with aptamer allowed a
LOD of 1.2 aM in electrical aptasensor, resulting in a significant enhancement of
sensitivity.
Besides of PA, anthrax toxin receptor/tumor endothelial marker 8 (ATR/TEM8)
and human capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2) are also frequently considered
to be biomarker for anthrax detection. TEM8 and CMG2 are the host receptors
binding PA and mediate entry of the toxin into cells [52]. Yoon et al. [48] screened and
identified RNA aptamers as TEM8 binding inhibitors. The anti-toxin effects of the
RNA aptamers were subsequently verified by cytotoxicity assays using fluorescence
analysis and immunocytochemistry (ICC), and the best binding RNA aptamer was
proved to be the inhibitor with excellent IC50 value of 5 µM (Fig. 8.3c). The ability
of aptamers to inhibit binding was intuitively demonstrated through microscope
photos. The cells treated with anti-TEM8 and FAM-aptamer (100 nM) exhibited
none or weak fluorescence intensity, which suggested that the chosen aptamer was
an ideal inhibitor of TEM8 binding to PA. This will be a simple and reliable method
for measles diagnosis (Table 8.3).
8.3 Viral Infectious Diseases
8.3.1 Viral Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation resulting from a viral infection; five such viruses
namely hepatitis A, B, C, D and E are the main causes [53]. Other viruses can also
cause liver inflammation, including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and yellow
fever. In 2013, about 1.5 million people died from viral hepatitis. Hepatitis B and C
take primary responsibility for viral hepatitis infections.
T. Zhang et al.
Table 8.3 A summary of aptamer-based assay for the diagnosis of anthrax
Assay
Target Type of aptamer
Limit of
detection
Dynamic range References
ELISA
LF
DNA
10 nM
–
[43]
ELISA
PA
DNA
–
–
[44]
Fluorometrical
assay
PA
DNA
1 nM
–
[46]
Electrochemical
assay
PA
GO/AuNPs-DNA 1.2 aM
12 aM–120 fM
[47]
Fluorometrical
assay
PA
MWCNTs-DNA
20 ng/mL 5–80 ng/mL
[50]
was achieved (Fig. 8.3b). Additionally, AuNPs conjugated with aptamer allowed a
LOD of 1.2 aM in electrical aptasensor, resulting in a significant enhancement of
sensitivity.
Besides of PA, anthrax toxin receptor/tumor endothelial marker 8 (ATR/TEM8)
and human capillary morphogenesis protein 2 (CMG2) are also frequently considered
to be biomarker for anthrax detection. TEM8 and CMG2 are the host receptors
binding PA and mediate entry of the toxin into cells [52]. Yoon et al. [48] screened and
identified RNA aptamers as TEM8 binding inhibitors. The anti-toxin effects of the
RNA aptamers were subsequently verified by cytotoxicity assays using fluorescence
analysis and immunocytochemistry (ICC), and the best binding RNA aptamer was
proved to be the inhibitor with excellent IC50 value of 5 µM (Fig. 8.3c). The ability
of aptamers to inhibit binding was intuitively demonstrated through microscope
photos. The cells treated with anti-TEM8 and FAM-aptamer (100 nM) exhibited
none or weak fluorescence intensity, which suggested that the chosen aptamer was
an ideal inhibitor of TEM8 binding to PA. This will be a simple and reliable method
for measles diagnosis (Table 8.3).
8.3 Viral Infectious Diseases
8.3.1 Viral Hepatitis
Viral hepatitis is liver inflammation resulting from a viral infection; five such viruses
namely hepatitis A, B, C, D and E are the main causes [53]. Other viruses can also
cause liver inflammation, including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and yellow
fever. In 2013, about 1.5 million people died from viral hepatitis. Hepatitis B and C
take primary responsibility for viral hepatitis infections.