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3. Hunt, A., Szczecinski, N., Quinn, R.: Development and training of a neural controller for hind
leg walking in a dog robot. Front. Neurorobot. 11, 1–16 (2017)
4. Ivashko, D.G., Prilutsky, B.I., Markin, S.N., Chapin, J.K., Rybak, I.A.: Modeling the spinal
cord neural circuitry controlling cat hindlimb movement during locomotion. Neurocomputing
52–54, 621–629 (2003)
5. Markin, S.N., et al.: A neuromechanical model of spinal control of locomotion. In: Prilutsky,
B.I., Edwards, D.H. (eds.) Neuromechanical Modeling of Posture and Locomotion. SSCN,
pp. 21–65. Springer, New York (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3267-2_2
6. Greene, E.C.: Anatomy of the Rat. Hafner Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA (1955)
7. Cofer, D., Cymbalyuk, G., Reid, J., Zhu, Y., Heitler, W.J., Edwards, D.H.: AnimatLab: a 3D
graphics environment for neuromechanical simulations. J. Neurosci. Methods 187, 280–288
(2010)
8. Johnson, W.L., Jindrich, D.L., Roy, R.R., Reggie Edgerton, V.: A three-dimensional model
of the rat hindlimb: musculoskeletal geometry and muscle moment arms. J. Biomech. 41,
610–619 (2008)
9. Young, F., Rode, C., Hunt, A., Quinn, R.: Analyzing moment arm profiles in a full-muscle
rat hindlimb model. Biomimetics 4, 10 (2019)
10. Prilutsky, B.I., Klishko, A.N., Weber, D.J., Lemay, M.A.: Computing motion dependent afferent activity during cat locomotion using a forward dynamics musculoskeletal model. In: Prilutsky, B.I., Edwards, D.H. (eds.) Neuromechanical Modeling of Posture and Locomotion.
SSCN, pp. 273–307. Springer, New York (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-32672_10
11. Aoi, S., et al.: Neuromusculoskeletal model that walks and runs across a speed range with
a few motor control parameter changes based on the muscle synergy hypothesis. Sci. Rep.
9(1), 369 (2019)
12. Johnson, W.L., Jindrich, D.L., Zhong, H., Roy, R.R., Edgerton, V.R.: Application of a rat
hindlimb model: a prediction of force spaces reachable through stimulation of nerve fascicles.
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 58(12), 3328–3338 (2011)
13. Charles, J.P., Cappellari, O., Hutchinson, J.R.: A dynamic simulation of musculoskeletal
function in the mouse hindlimb during trotting locomotion. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 6, 61
(2018)
14. Freivalds, A.: Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics Modeling and Musculoskeletal
Injuries. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2011)
15. Wilkie, D.R.: The relation between force and velocity in human muscle. J. Physiol. 110(3-4),
249–280 (1949)
16. Wilkie, D.R.: The mechanical properties of muscle. Br. Med. Bull. 12(3), 177–182 (1956)
17. Winters, J.M.: Hill-based muscle models: a systems engineering perspective. In: Winters,
J.M., Woo, S.L.Y. (eds.) Multiple Muscle Systems. Springer, New York (1990)
18. Meijer, K., et al.: A Hill type model of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle that accounts for
shortening history effects. J. Biomech. 31(6), 555–563 (1998)
19. Vivekanandan, S., Emmanuel, D.S., Saluja, R.S.: Modelling of gastrocnemius muscle using
Hill’s equation in COMSOL Multiphysics 4.0 a. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Issues (IJCSI) 9(3), 396
(2012)
20. Bawa, P., Mannard, A., Stein, R.B.: Predictions and experimental tests of a visco-elastic
muscle model using elastic and inertial loads. Biol. Cybern. 22, 139–145 (1976)
21. Stark, H., Nadja, S.: “F”. J. Biomech. 43(15), 2897–2903 (2010)
22. Close, R.l., Hoh, J.F.Y.: The after-effects of repetitive stimulation on the isometric twitch
contraction of rat fast skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 197(2), 461–477 (1968)
23. Asmussen, G., Maréchal, G.: Maximal shortening velocities, isomyosins and fibre types in
soleus muscle of mice, rats and guinea-pigs. J. Physiol. 416, 245–254 (1989)
K. Deng et al.
3. Hunt, A., Szczecinski, N., Quinn, R.: Development and training of a neural controller for hind
leg walking in a dog robot. Front. Neurorobot. 11, 1–16 (2017)
4. Ivashko, D.G., Prilutsky, B.I., Markin, S.N., Chapin, J.K., Rybak, I.A.: Modeling the spinal
cord neural circuitry controlling cat hindlimb movement during locomotion. Neurocomputing
52–54, 621–629 (2003)
5. Markin, S.N., et al.: A neuromechanical model of spinal control of locomotion. In: Prilutsky,
B.I., Edwards, D.H. (eds.) Neuromechanical Modeling of Posture and Locomotion. SSCN,
pp. 21–65. Springer, New York (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3267-2_2
6. Greene, E.C.: Anatomy of the Rat. Hafner Publishing Co., New York, NY, USA (1955)
7. Cofer, D., Cymbalyuk, G., Reid, J., Zhu, Y., Heitler, W.J., Edwards, D.H.: AnimatLab: a 3D
graphics environment for neuromechanical simulations. J. Neurosci. Methods 187, 280–288
(2010)
8. Johnson, W.L., Jindrich, D.L., Roy, R.R., Reggie Edgerton, V.: A three-dimensional model
of the rat hindlimb: musculoskeletal geometry and muscle moment arms. J. Biomech. 41,
610–619 (2008)
9. Young, F., Rode, C., Hunt, A., Quinn, R.: Analyzing moment arm profiles in a full-muscle
rat hindlimb model. Biomimetics 4, 10 (2019)
10. Prilutsky, B.I., Klishko, A.N., Weber, D.J., Lemay, M.A.: Computing motion dependent afferent activity during cat locomotion using a forward dynamics musculoskeletal model. In: Prilutsky, B.I., Edwards, D.H. (eds.) Neuromechanical Modeling of Posture and Locomotion.
SSCN, pp. 273–307. Springer, New York (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-32672_10
11. Aoi, S., et al.: Neuromusculoskeletal model that walks and runs across a speed range with
a few motor control parameter changes based on the muscle synergy hypothesis. Sci. Rep.
9(1), 369 (2019)
12. Johnson, W.L., Jindrich, D.L., Zhong, H., Roy, R.R., Edgerton, V.R.: Application of a rat
hindlimb model: a prediction of force spaces reachable through stimulation of nerve fascicles.
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 58(12), 3328–3338 (2011)
13. Charles, J.P., Cappellari, O., Hutchinson, J.R.: A dynamic simulation of musculoskeletal
function in the mouse hindlimb during trotting locomotion. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol. 6, 61
(2018)
14. Freivalds, A.: Biomechanics of the Upper Limbs: Mechanics Modeling and Musculoskeletal
Injuries. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2011)
15. Wilkie, D.R.: The relation between force and velocity in human muscle. J. Physiol. 110(3-4),
249–280 (1949)
16. Wilkie, D.R.: The mechanical properties of muscle. Br. Med. Bull. 12(3), 177–182 (1956)
17. Winters, J.M.: Hill-based muscle models: a systems engineering perspective. In: Winters,
J.M., Woo, S.L.Y. (eds.) Multiple Muscle Systems. Springer, New York (1990)
18. Meijer, K., et al.: A Hill type model of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle that accounts for
shortening history effects. J. Biomech. 31(6), 555–563 (1998)
19. Vivekanandan, S., Emmanuel, D.S., Saluja, R.S.: Modelling of gastrocnemius muscle using
Hill’s equation in COMSOL Multiphysics 4.0 a. Int. J. Comput. Sci. Issues (IJCSI) 9(3), 396
(2012)
20. Bawa, P., Mannard, A., Stein, R.B.: Predictions and experimental tests of a visco-elastic
muscle model using elastic and inertial loads. Biol. Cybern. 22, 139–145 (1976)
21. Stark, H., Nadja, S.: “F”. J. Biomech. 43(15), 2897–2903 (2010)
22. Close, R.l., Hoh, J.F.Y.: The after-effects of repetitive stimulation on the isometric twitch
contraction of rat fast skeletal muscle. J. Physiol. 197(2), 461–477 (1968)
23. Asmussen, G., Maréchal, G.: Maximal shortening velocities, isomyosins and fibre types in
soleus muscle of mice, rats and guinea-pigs. J. Physiol. 416, 245–254 (1989)