11. We used the ZEN software for Z-stack image acquisition and
time series live-imaging recording. ZEN also offers embedded
image export and movie export tools to process raw data
acquired by Carl Zeiss LSM880 confocal microscopy.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Thematic Research Program of the
Academia Sinica, Taiwan (AS-105-TP-B03).
References
1. Lucas WJ, Yoo BC, Kragler F (2001) RNA as a
long-distance information macromolecule in
plants. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:849–857
2. Kehr J, Kragler F (2018) Long distance RNA
movement. New Phytol 218:29–40
3. Kim M, Canio W, Kessler S, Sinha N (2001)
Developmental changes due to long-distance
movement of a homeobox fusion transcript in
tomato. Science 293:287–289
4. Banerjee AK, Chatterjee M, Yu Y, Suh SG,
Miller WA, Hannapel DJ (2006) Dynamics of
a mobile RNA of potato involved in a longdistance signaling pathway. Plant Cell
18:3443–3457
5. Haywood V, Yu TS, Huang NC, Lucas WJ
(2005) Phloem long-distance trafficking of
GIBBERELLIC ACID-INSENSITIVE RNA
regulates leaf development. Plant J 42:49–68
6. Lu KJ, Huang NC, Liu YS, Lu CA, Yu TS
(2012) Long-distance movement of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T RNA participates
in systemic floral regulation. RNA Biol
9:653–662
7. Huang NC, Jane WN, Chen J, Yu TS (2012)
Arabidopsis thaliana CENTRORADIALIS
homologue (ATC) acts systemically to inhibit
floral initiation in Arabidopsis. Plant J
72:175–184
8. Huang NC, Luo KR, Yu TS (2018) Mobility of
antiflorigen and PEBP mRNAs in tomatotobacco
heterografts.
Plant
Physiol
178:783–794
9. Ruiz-Medrano R, Xoconostle-Ca ´zares B,
Lucas WJ (1999) Phloem long-distance transport of CmNACP mRNA: implications for
supracellular regulation in plants. Development 126:4405–4419
10. Huang NC, Yu TS (2009) The sequences of
Arabidopsis GA-INSENSITIVE RNA constitute the motifs that are necessary and sufficient
for RNA long-distance trafficking. Plant J
59:921–929
11. Notaguchi M, Higashiyama T, Suzuki T
(2015) Identification of mRNAs that move
over long distances using an RNA-Seq analysis
of Arabidopsis/Nicotiana benthamiana heterografts. Plant Cell Physiol 56:311–321
12. Thieme CJ, Rojas-Triana M, Stecyk E,
Schudoma C, Zhang W, Yang L,
Min ˜ambres M, Walther D, Schulze WX,
Paz-Ares J, Scheible W-R, Kragler F (2015)
Endogenous Arabidopsis messenger RNAs
transported to distant tissues. Nat Plants
1:15025
13. Yang Y, Mao L, Jittayasothorn Y, Kang Y,
Jiao C, Fei Z, Zhong GY (2015) Messenger
RNA exchange between scions and rootstocks
in grafted grapevines. BMC Plant Biol 15:251
14. Calderwood A, Kopriva S, Morris RJ (2016)
Transcript abundance explains mRNA mobility
data in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell
28:610–615
15. Xia C, Zheng Y, Huang J, Zhou X, Li R,
Zha M, Wang S, Huang Z, Lan H,
Turgeon R, Fei Z, Zhang C (2018) Elucidation
of the mechanisms of long-distance mRNA
movement in a Nicotiana benthamiana/
tomato heterograft system. Plant Physiol
177:745–758
16. Zhang W, Thieme CJ, Kollwig G, Apelt F,
Yang L, Winter N, Andresen N, Walther D,
Kragler F (2016) tRNA-related sequences trigger systemic mRNA transport in plants. Plant
Cell 28:1237–1249
17. Bertrand E, Chartrand P, Schaefer M, Shenoy
SM, Singer RH, Long RM (1998) Localization
of ASH1 mRNA particles in living yeast. Mol
Cell 2:437–445
18. Edelmann FT, Schlundt A, Heym RG,
Jenner A, Niedner-Boblenz A, Syed MI, Paillart JC, Stehle R, Janowski R, Sattler M, Jansen
154
Kai-Ren Luo et al.
time series live-imaging recording. ZEN also offers embedded
image export and movie export tools to process raw data
acquired by Carl Zeiss LSM880 confocal microscopy.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Thematic Research Program of the
Academia Sinica, Taiwan (AS-105-TP-B03).
References
1. Lucas WJ, Yoo BC, Kragler F (2001) RNA as a
long-distance information macromolecule in
plants. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:849–857
2. Kehr J, Kragler F (2018) Long distance RNA
movement. New Phytol 218:29–40
3. Kim M, Canio W, Kessler S, Sinha N (2001)
Developmental changes due to long-distance
movement of a homeobox fusion transcript in
tomato. Science 293:287–289
4. Banerjee AK, Chatterjee M, Yu Y, Suh SG,
Miller WA, Hannapel DJ (2006) Dynamics of
a mobile RNA of potato involved in a longdistance signaling pathway. Plant Cell
18:3443–3457
5. Haywood V, Yu TS, Huang NC, Lucas WJ
(2005) Phloem long-distance trafficking of
GIBBERELLIC ACID-INSENSITIVE RNA
regulates leaf development. Plant J 42:49–68
6. Lu KJ, Huang NC, Liu YS, Lu CA, Yu TS
(2012) Long-distance movement of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T RNA participates
in systemic floral regulation. RNA Biol
9:653–662
7. Huang NC, Jane WN, Chen J, Yu TS (2012)
Arabidopsis thaliana CENTRORADIALIS
homologue (ATC) acts systemically to inhibit
floral initiation in Arabidopsis. Plant J
72:175–184
8. Huang NC, Luo KR, Yu TS (2018) Mobility of
antiflorigen and PEBP mRNAs in tomatotobacco
heterografts.
Plant
Physiol
178:783–794
9. Ruiz-Medrano R, Xoconostle-Ca ´zares B,
Lucas WJ (1999) Phloem long-distance transport of CmNACP mRNA: implications for
supracellular regulation in plants. Development 126:4405–4419
10. Huang NC, Yu TS (2009) The sequences of
Arabidopsis GA-INSENSITIVE RNA constitute the motifs that are necessary and sufficient
for RNA long-distance trafficking. Plant J
59:921–929
11. Notaguchi M, Higashiyama T, Suzuki T
(2015) Identification of mRNAs that move
over long distances using an RNA-Seq analysis
of Arabidopsis/Nicotiana benthamiana heterografts. Plant Cell Physiol 56:311–321
12. Thieme CJ, Rojas-Triana M, Stecyk E,
Schudoma C, Zhang W, Yang L,
Min ˜ambres M, Walther D, Schulze WX,
Paz-Ares J, Scheible W-R, Kragler F (2015)
Endogenous Arabidopsis messenger RNAs
transported to distant tissues. Nat Plants
1:15025
13. Yang Y, Mao L, Jittayasothorn Y, Kang Y,
Jiao C, Fei Z, Zhong GY (2015) Messenger
RNA exchange between scions and rootstocks
in grafted grapevines. BMC Plant Biol 15:251
14. Calderwood A, Kopriva S, Morris RJ (2016)
Transcript abundance explains mRNA mobility
data in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell
28:610–615
15. Xia C, Zheng Y, Huang J, Zhou X, Li R,
Zha M, Wang S, Huang Z, Lan H,
Turgeon R, Fei Z, Zhang C (2018) Elucidation
of the mechanisms of long-distance mRNA
movement in a Nicotiana benthamiana/
tomato heterograft system. Plant Physiol
177:745–758
16. Zhang W, Thieme CJ, Kollwig G, Apelt F,
Yang L, Winter N, Andresen N, Walther D,
Kragler F (2016) tRNA-related sequences trigger systemic mRNA transport in plants. Plant
Cell 28:1237–1249
17. Bertrand E, Chartrand P, Schaefer M, Shenoy
SM, Singer RH, Long RM (1998) Localization
of ASH1 mRNA particles in living yeast. Mol
Cell 2:437–445
18. Edelmann FT, Schlundt A, Heym RG,
Jenner A, Niedner-Boblenz A, Syed MI, Paillart JC, Stehle R, Janowski R, Sattler M, Jansen
154
Kai-Ren Luo et al.