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40. Giry C, Roquebert B, Li-Pat-Yuen G et al
(2017) Simultaneous detection of chikungunya virus, dengue virus and human pathogenic
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® assay. BMC Microbiol 17:105. https://
doi.org/10.1186/s12866-017-1019-1
41. Blanco RM, Romero EC (2012) Efficacy of
serum samples stored on filter paper for the
detection of antibody to Leptospira spp. by
microagglutination test (MAT). J Immunol
Methods 386:31–33. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.jim.2012.08.013
42. Goris MG, Hartskeerl RA (2014) Leptospirosis
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test. Curr Protoc Microbiol 32:Unit 12E.5.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471729259.
mc12e05s32
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18:376–386
44. Desakorn V, Wuthiekanun V, Thanachartwet V
et al (2012) Accuracy of a commercial IgM
ELISA for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis
in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86:524–527.
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45. Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Smythe L, Dohnt M
et al (2012) Evaluation of the standard diagnostics Leptospira IgM ELISA for diagnosis of
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Trop Med Hyg 106:563–566. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.06.002
46. Chang CH, Riazi M, Yunus MH et al (2014)
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rapid tests for acute leptospirosis detection in
Malaysia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
80:278–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diag
microbio.2014.08.012
47. Dittrich S, Boutthasavong L, Keokhamhoung
D et al (2018) A prospective hospital study to
evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests for the early detection of leptospirosis in Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg
98:1056–1060.
https://doi.org/10.4269/
ajtmh.17-0702
48. Signorini ML, Lottersberger J, Tarabla HD
et al (2013) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
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S0950268812001951
49. Maze MJ, Sharples KJ, Allan KJ et al (2018)
Diagnostic accuracy of leptospirosis whole-cell
lateral flow assays: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.014
50. Goris MGA, Leeflang MMG, Loden M et al
(2013) Prospective evaluation of three rapid
diagnostic tests for diagnosis of human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2290. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002290
51. Musso D, La Scola B (2013) Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: a challenge. J Microbiol
Immunol Infect 46(4):245–252. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jmii.2013.03.001
52. Courdurie C, Le Govic Y, Bourhy P et al
(2017) Evaluation of different serological
assays for early diagnosis of leptospirosis in
Martinique (French West Indies). PLoS Negl
Trop Dis 11:e0005678. https://doi.org/10.
1371/journal.pntd.0005678
53. Goarant C, Bourhy P, D’Ortenzio E et al
(2013) Sensitivity and specificity of a new vertical flow rapid diagnostic test for the serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 7:e2289. https://doi.org/10.1371/jour
nal.pntd.0002289
54. Nabity SA, Ribeiro GS, Lessa Aquino C et al
(2012) Accuracy of a dual path platform (DPP)
assay for the rapid point-of-care diagnosis of
human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:
e1878.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0001878
55. Nabity SA, Hagan JE, Arau ´ jo G et al (2018)
Prospective evaluation of accuracy and clinical
utility of the dual path platform (DPP) assay for
the point-of-care diagnosis of leptospirosis in
hospitalized patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12:
e0006285. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0006285
56. Kanagavel M, Shanmughapriya S, Anbarasu K
et al (2014) B-cell-specific peptides of Leptospira interrogans LigA for diagnosis of patients
with acute leptospirosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol
21:354–359. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.
00456-13
57. Chen HW, Lukas H, Becker K et al (2018) An
improved enzyme-linked immunoassay for the
detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies. Am
J Trop Med Hyg 99:266–274. https://doi.
org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0057
58. Raja V, Shanmughapriya S, Kanagavel M et al
(2016) In Vivo-expressed proteins of virulent
Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis N2
elicit strong IgM responses of value in
286
Nobuo Koizumi
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.
0132988
39. Waggoner JJ, Abeynayake J, Balassiano I et al
(2014) Multiplex nucleic acid amplification test
for diagnosis of dengue fever, malaria, and leptospirosis. J Clin Microbiol 52:2011–2018.
https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00341-14
40. Giry C, Roquebert B, Li-Pat-Yuen G et al
(2017) Simultaneous detection of chikungunya virus, dengue virus and human pathogenic
Leptospira genomes using a multiplex TaqMan
® assay. BMC Microbiol 17:105. https://
doi.org/10.1186/s12866-017-1019-1
41. Blanco RM, Romero EC (2012) Efficacy of
serum samples stored on filter paper for the
detection of antibody to Leptospira spp. by
microagglutination test (MAT). J Immunol
Methods 386:31–33. https://doi.org/10.
1016/j.jim.2012.08.013
42. Goris MG, Hartskeerl RA (2014) Leptospirosis
serodiagnosis by the microscopic agglutination
test. Curr Protoc Microbiol 32:Unit 12E.5.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9780471729259.
mc12e05s32
43. McBride AJL, Athanazio DA, Reis MG et al
(2005) Leptospirosis. Curr Opin Infect Dis
18:376–386
44. Desakorn V, Wuthiekanun V, Thanachartwet V
et al (2012) Accuracy of a commercial IgM
ELISA for the diagnosis of human leptospirosis
in Thailand. Am J Trop Med Hyg 86:524–527.
https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2012.110423
45. Tanganuchitcharnchai A, Smythe L, Dohnt M
et al (2012) Evaluation of the standard diagnostics Leptospira IgM ELISA for diagnosis of
acute leptospirosis in Lao PDR. Trans R Soc
Trop Med Hyg 106:563–566. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.trstmh.2012.06.002
46. Chang CH, Riazi M, Yunus MH et al (2014)
Limited diagnostic value of two commercial
rapid tests for acute leptospirosis detection in
Malaysia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
80:278–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diag
microbio.2014.08.012
47. Dittrich S, Boutthasavong L, Keokhamhoung
D et al (2018) A prospective hospital study to
evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of rapid diagnostic tests for the early detection of leptospirosis in Laos. Am J Trop Med Hyg
98:1056–1060.
https://doi.org/10.4269/
ajtmh.17-0702
48. Signorini ML, Lottersberger J, Tarabla HD
et al (2013) Enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay to diagnose human leptospirosis: a metaanalysis of the published literature. Epidemiol
Infect 141:22–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/
S0950268812001951
49. Maze MJ, Sharples KJ, Allan KJ et al (2018)
Diagnostic accuracy of leptospirosis whole-cell
lateral flow assays: a systematic review and
meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2018.11.014
50. Goris MGA, Leeflang MMG, Loden M et al
(2013) Prospective evaluation of three rapid
diagnostic tests for diagnosis of human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7:e2290. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002290
51. Musso D, La Scola B (2013) Laboratory diagnosis of leptospirosis: a challenge. J Microbiol
Immunol Infect 46(4):245–252. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.jmii.2013.03.001
52. Courdurie C, Le Govic Y, Bourhy P et al
(2017) Evaluation of different serological
assays for early diagnosis of leptospirosis in
Martinique (French West Indies). PLoS Negl
Trop Dis 11:e0005678. https://doi.org/10.
1371/journal.pntd.0005678
53. Goarant C, Bourhy P, D’Ortenzio E et al
(2013) Sensitivity and specificity of a new vertical flow rapid diagnostic test for the serodiagnosis of human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop
Dis 7:e2289. https://doi.org/10.1371/jour
nal.pntd.0002289
54. Nabity SA, Ribeiro GS, Lessa Aquino C et al
(2012) Accuracy of a dual path platform (DPP)
assay for the rapid point-of-care diagnosis of
human leptospirosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6:
e1878.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0001878
55. Nabity SA, Hagan JE, Arau ´ jo G et al (2018)
Prospective evaluation of accuracy and clinical
utility of the dual path platform (DPP) assay for
the point-of-care diagnosis of leptospirosis in
hospitalized patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 12:
e0006285. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.
pntd.0006285
56. Kanagavel M, Shanmughapriya S, Anbarasu K
et al (2014) B-cell-specific peptides of Leptospira interrogans LigA for diagnosis of patients
with acute leptospirosis. Clin Vaccine Immunol
21:354–359. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.
00456-13
57. Chen HW, Lukas H, Becker K et al (2018) An
improved enzyme-linked immunoassay for the
detection of Leptospira-specific antibodies. Am
J Trop Med Hyg 99:266–274. https://doi.
org/10.4269/ajtmh.17-0057
58. Raja V, Shanmughapriya S, Kanagavel M et al
(2016) In Vivo-expressed proteins of virulent
Leptospira interrogans serovar Autumnalis N2
elicit strong IgM responses of value in
286
Nobuo Koizumi