258
T. C. Jagadale and S.-W. Chu
switchable scattering plus STED-like setup. These nonlinear plasmonic scattering
have been successfully applied to live cell imaging. Although strictly speaking,
the metallic-nanoparticle-based imaging should not be considered as a label-free
approach in biological samples, it does provide ‘label-free’ imaging for plasmonic
nanocircuits with unprecedented resolution. In addition, since the nonlinear scattering is based on photo-thermal effect, it is possible to extend similar approaches
into dielectric materials or even individual cell sub-organelles, to realise ‘label-free’
scattering super-resolution imaging in cells and tissues.
References
1. G.B. Airy, On the diffraction of an object-glass with circular aperture. Trans. Camb. Philos.
Soc. 5(3), 283–291 (1835)
2. E. Abbe, Beiträge zur theorie des mikroskops und der mikroskopischen wahrnehmung. Archiv
für mikroskopische Anatomie 9(1), 413–418 (1873)
3. L. Rayleigh, On the theory of optical images with special reference to microscopy. Philos.
Mag. 42(255), 167–195 (1896)
4. G. Binnig, C.F. Qate, C. Gerber, Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56(9), 930–933
(1986)
5. E. Ruska, The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy. Angew.
Chemie. 26(7), 595–706 (1987)
6. S.W. Hell, Far-field optical nanoscopy. Science 316(5828), 1153–1158 (2007)
7. A. Stemmer, M. Beck, R. Foilka, Widefield fluorescence microscopy with extended resolution.
Histochem. Cell Biol. 130, 807–817 (2008)
8. M. Minsky, Microscopy apparatus. US patent 3013467 (1961)
9. W. Denk, J. Stricker, W. Webb, Two photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science
248(4951), 73–76 (1990)
10. W.R. Zipfel, R.M. Williams, W.W. Web, Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the
biosciences. Nat. Biotechnol. 21(11), 1369–1377 (2003)
11. C.J. Engelbrecht, E.H.K. Stelzer, Resolution enhancement in a light-sheet-based microscope
(SPIM). Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1477–1479 (2006)
12. R.C. Dunn, Near field scanning optical microscopy. Chem. Rev. 99(10), 2891–2928 (1999)
13. G.I. Mashanov, D. Tacon, A.E. Knight, M. Peckham, J.E. Molloy, Visualizing single molecules
inside living cells using total internal reflection fluorescence. Methods 29(2), 142–152 (2003)
14. M.G.L. Gustafsson, Extended resolution fluorescence microscopy. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.
9(5), 627–634 (1999)
15. S.W. Hell, E.H.K. Stelzer, Properties of a 4PI confocal fluorescence microscope. J. Opt. Soc.
Am. A 9(12), 2159–2166 (1992)
16. M.G.L. Gustafsson, D.A. Agard, J.W. Sedat, Sevenfold improvement of axial resolution in 3D
widefield microscopy using two objective lenses. Proc. SPIE 2412, 147–156 (1995)
17. M.G.L. Gustafsson, Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured
illumination microscopy. J. Microsc. 198(2), 82–87 (2000)
18. S.W. Hell, J. Wichmann, Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated-emission—
stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 19(11), 780–782 (1994)
19. R.M. Dickson, A.B. Cubitt, R.Y. Tsien, W.E. Moerner, On/off blinking and switching behaviour
of single molecules of green fluorescent protein. Nature 388(6640), 355–358 (1997)
20. E. Betzig, G.H. Patterson, R. Sougrat, O.W. Lindwasser, S. Olenych, J.S. Bonifacino, M.W.
Davidson, J. Lippincott-Schwartz, H.F. Hess, Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at
nanometer resolution. Science 313(5793), 1642–1645 (2006)
T. C. Jagadale and S.-W. Chu
switchable scattering plus STED-like setup. These nonlinear plasmonic scattering
have been successfully applied to live cell imaging. Although strictly speaking,
the metallic-nanoparticle-based imaging should not be considered as a label-free
approach in biological samples, it does provide ‘label-free’ imaging for plasmonic
nanocircuits with unprecedented resolution. In addition, since the nonlinear scattering is based on photo-thermal effect, it is possible to extend similar approaches
into dielectric materials or even individual cell sub-organelles, to realise ‘label-free’
scattering super-resolution imaging in cells and tissues.
References
1. G.B. Airy, On the diffraction of an object-glass with circular aperture. Trans. Camb. Philos.
Soc. 5(3), 283–291 (1835)
2. E. Abbe, Beiträge zur theorie des mikroskops und der mikroskopischen wahrnehmung. Archiv
für mikroskopische Anatomie 9(1), 413–418 (1873)
3. L. Rayleigh, On the theory of optical images with special reference to microscopy. Philos.
Mag. 42(255), 167–195 (1896)
4. G. Binnig, C.F. Qate, C. Gerber, Atomic force microscope. Phys. Rev. Lett. 56(9), 930–933
(1986)
5. E. Ruska, The development of the electron microscope and of electron microscopy. Angew.
Chemie. 26(7), 595–706 (1987)
6. S.W. Hell, Far-field optical nanoscopy. Science 316(5828), 1153–1158 (2007)
7. A. Stemmer, M. Beck, R. Foilka, Widefield fluorescence microscopy with extended resolution.
Histochem. Cell Biol. 130, 807–817 (2008)
8. M. Minsky, Microscopy apparatus. US patent 3013467 (1961)
9. W. Denk, J. Stricker, W. Webb, Two photon laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Science
248(4951), 73–76 (1990)
10. W.R. Zipfel, R.M. Williams, W.W. Web, Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the
biosciences. Nat. Biotechnol. 21(11), 1369–1377 (2003)
11. C.J. Engelbrecht, E.H.K. Stelzer, Resolution enhancement in a light-sheet-based microscope
(SPIM). Opt. Lett. 31(10), 1477–1479 (2006)
12. R.C. Dunn, Near field scanning optical microscopy. Chem. Rev. 99(10), 2891–2928 (1999)
13. G.I. Mashanov, D. Tacon, A.E. Knight, M. Peckham, J.E. Molloy, Visualizing single molecules
inside living cells using total internal reflection fluorescence. Methods 29(2), 142–152 (2003)
14. M.G.L. Gustafsson, Extended resolution fluorescence microscopy. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol.
9(5), 627–634 (1999)
15. S.W. Hell, E.H.K. Stelzer, Properties of a 4PI confocal fluorescence microscope. J. Opt. Soc.
Am. A 9(12), 2159–2166 (1992)
16. M.G.L. Gustafsson, D.A. Agard, J.W. Sedat, Sevenfold improvement of axial resolution in 3D
widefield microscopy using two objective lenses. Proc. SPIE 2412, 147–156 (1995)
17. M.G.L. Gustafsson, Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured
illumination microscopy. J. Microsc. 198(2), 82–87 (2000)
18. S.W. Hell, J. Wichmann, Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated-emission—
stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 19(11), 780–782 (1994)
19. R.M. Dickson, A.B. Cubitt, R.Y. Tsien, W.E. Moerner, On/off blinking and switching behaviour
of single molecules of green fluorescent protein. Nature 388(6640), 355–358 (1997)
20. E. Betzig, G.H. Patterson, R. Sougrat, O.W. Lindwasser, S. Olenych, J.S. Bonifacino, M.W.
Davidson, J. Lippincott-Schwartz, H.F. Hess, Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at
nanometer resolution. Science 313(5793), 1642–1645 (2006)