9 Usage of Silicon for Label-Free Super-Resolved Imaging
235
Another approach presented here used silicon wafers where the PDE nonlinearity
was applied in order to perform failure analysis of integrated circuits also for device
located deeper below the surface of the wafer.
In all the approaches the optical configuration included optical pump beam and
a probe beam while the object is scanned and the nonlinearity of the PDE generates
optical point spread function having higher spatial frequencies (PSF shaping) which
encode the high-resolution spatial data into the low-resolution imager. The operation
principle resembles the approach used in STED microscopy, but no fluorescence dye
is required in the proposed approaches.
References
1. S. Hell, E. Stelzer, Fundamental improvement of resolution with a 4Pi-confocal fluorescence
microscope using two-photon excitation. Opt. Commun. 93, 277–282 (1992)
2. W.R. Zipfel, R.M. Williams, W.W. Webb, Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the
biosciences. Nat. Biotechnol. 21(11), 1369–1377 (2003)
3. M.G. Gustafsson, Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured
illumination microscopy. J. Microsc. 198(Pt 2), 82–87 (2000)
4. D. Toomre, D.J. Manstein, Lighting up the cell surface with evanescent wave microscopy.
Trends Cell Biol. 11(7), 298–303 (2001)
5. R.C. Dunn, Near-field scanning optical microscopy. Chem. Rev. 99(10), 2891–2928 (1999).
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr980130e
6. E.J. Betzig et al., Breaking the diffraction barrier: optical microscopy on a nanometric scale.
Science (80-.) 251(5000), 1468–1470 (1991)
7. S.W. Hell, J. Wichmann, Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission:
stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 19(11), 780–782 (1994)
8. M.G.L. Gustafsson, Nonlinear structured-illumination microscopy: wide-field fluorescence
imaging with theoretically unlimited resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(37),
13081–13086 (2005)
9. J.R. Mansfield et al., Autofluorescence removal, multiplexing, and automated analysis methods
for in-vivo fluorescence imaging. J. Biomed. Opt. 10(4), 41207 (2014). [https://doi.org/10.
1117/1.2032458]
10. R.A. Hoebe et al., Controlled light-exposure microscopy reduces photobleaching and phototoxicity in fluorescence live-cell imaging. Nat. Biotechnol. 25(2), 249–253 (2007). https://doi.
org/10.1038/nbt1278
11. J.N. Henderson et al., Structural basis for reversible photobleaching of a green fluorescent
protein homologue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(16), 6672–6677 (2007). https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.0700059104
12. T. Bernas et al., Minimizing photobleaching during confocal microscopy of fluorescent probes
bound to chromatin: role of anoxia and photon flux. J. Microsc. 215(Pt 3), 281–296 (2004).
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2720.2004.01377.x
13. P. Carpentier et al., Structural basis for the phototoxicity of the fluorescent protein KillerRed.
FEBS Lett. 583(17), 2839–2842. Federation of European Biochemical Societies (2009). https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.041
14. D. Fixler, Z. Zalevsky, In Vivo Tumor Detection Using Polarization and Wavelength Reflection
Characteristics of Gold Nanorods (2013)
15. P.L. Truong, B.W. Kim, S.J. Sim, Rational aspect ratio and suitable antibody coverage of gold
nanorod for ultra-sensitive detection of a cancer biomarker. Lab Chip 12(6), 1102–1109 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2lc20588b
235
Another approach presented here used silicon wafers where the PDE nonlinearity
was applied in order to perform failure analysis of integrated circuits also for device
located deeper below the surface of the wafer.
In all the approaches the optical configuration included optical pump beam and
a probe beam while the object is scanned and the nonlinearity of the PDE generates
optical point spread function having higher spatial frequencies (PSF shaping) which
encode the high-resolution spatial data into the low-resolution imager. The operation
principle resembles the approach used in STED microscopy, but no fluorescence dye
is required in the proposed approaches.
References
1. S. Hell, E. Stelzer, Fundamental improvement of resolution with a 4Pi-confocal fluorescence
microscope using two-photon excitation. Opt. Commun. 93, 277–282 (1992)
2. W.R. Zipfel, R.M. Williams, W.W. Webb, Nonlinear magic: multiphoton microscopy in the
biosciences. Nat. Biotechnol. 21(11), 1369–1377 (2003)
3. M.G. Gustafsson, Surpassing the lateral resolution limit by a factor of two using structured
illumination microscopy. J. Microsc. 198(Pt 2), 82–87 (2000)
4. D. Toomre, D.J. Manstein, Lighting up the cell surface with evanescent wave microscopy.
Trends Cell Biol. 11(7), 298–303 (2001)
5. R.C. Dunn, Near-field scanning optical microscopy. Chem. Rev. 99(10), 2891–2928 (1999).
https://doi.org/10.1021/cr980130e
6. E.J. Betzig et al., Breaking the diffraction barrier: optical microscopy on a nanometric scale.
Science (80-.) 251(5000), 1468–1470 (1991)
7. S.W. Hell, J. Wichmann, Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission:
stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 19(11), 780–782 (1994)
8. M.G.L. Gustafsson, Nonlinear structured-illumination microscopy: wide-field fluorescence
imaging with theoretically unlimited resolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(37),
13081–13086 (2005)
9. J.R. Mansfield et al., Autofluorescence removal, multiplexing, and automated analysis methods
for in-vivo fluorescence imaging. J. Biomed. Opt. 10(4), 41207 (2014). [https://doi.org/10.
1117/1.2032458]
10. R.A. Hoebe et al., Controlled light-exposure microscopy reduces photobleaching and phototoxicity in fluorescence live-cell imaging. Nat. Biotechnol. 25(2), 249–253 (2007). https://doi.
org/10.1038/nbt1278
11. J.N. Henderson et al., Structural basis for reversible photobleaching of a green fluorescent
protein homologue. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(16), 6672–6677 (2007). https://doi.org/
10.1073/pnas.0700059104
12. T. Bernas et al., Minimizing photobleaching during confocal microscopy of fluorescent probes
bound to chromatin: role of anoxia and photon flux. J. Microsc. 215(Pt 3), 281–296 (2004).
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-2720.2004.01377.x
13. P. Carpentier et al., Structural basis for the phototoxicity of the fluorescent protein KillerRed.
FEBS Lett. 583(17), 2839–2842. Federation of European Biochemical Societies (2009). https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2009.07.041
14. D. Fixler, Z. Zalevsky, In Vivo Tumor Detection Using Polarization and Wavelength Reflection
Characteristics of Gold Nanorods (2013)
15. P.L. Truong, B.W. Kim, S.J. Sim, Rational aspect ratio and suitable antibody coverage of gold
nanorod for ultra-sensitive detection of a cancer biomarker. Lab Chip 12(6), 1102–1109 (2012).
https://doi.org/10.1039/c2lc20588b