40
W. L. Nowinski
between a brain lesion (damage) and the resulting disorder(s) [97]. We have
simulated brain damage at various locations and developed a brain pathology
database with focal and distributed vascular [111], cranial nerve-related [112], and
regional anatomy-related [113] synthesised lesions. Each lesion has been labelled
with the resulting disorder and associated signs, symptoms, and/or syndromes (and
additionally linked with relevant neurology textbook materials).
Mobile versions of the anatomic and neurologic disorders atlases also have been
developed [98–100].
Finally, celebrating my 25th anniversary of brain atlasing work and 20th
anniversary of the release of my first brain atlas product [117], I published two
review papers [115, 116]. In [115], I gave an overview of mathematical methods as
well as computational methods and tools in brain atlasing, sharing our contribution
and experience about the methods devised and tools developed to create brain atlases
and develop atlas-based applications. In [116], I presented the state of the art in brain
atlasing and summarised my past and present efforts; shared my experience in atlas
creation, validation, and commercialisation; compared our work with the state of the
art; and proposed future directions, namely, to develop a disruptive, multilevel brain
atlas platform with three directions: content spanning from molecules to behaviour;
variability covering structure, function, and disorders; and time across the lifespan.
2.6 Summary
The brain contains the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, and it encases the
ventricular system. The cerebrum comprises the paired cerebral hemispheres,
diencephalon (with thalamus and hypothalamus), and deep grey matter nuclei, the
main of them including the caudate nucleus, putamen, lateral and medial globus
pallidus, hippocampus, and amygdala. The cerebral hemispheres are parcellated into
the frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and limbic lobes. The cerebellum contains
the paired cerebellar hemispheres united by the midline vermis. The brainstem is
subdivided into the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The ventricular system contains
the paired lateral and midline third and fourth ventricles.
The cerebral vasculature comprises the arterial and venous systems. The brain is
supplied by two pairs of arteries: internal carotid arteries anteriorly and vertebral
arteries posteriorly. The anterior and posterior circulations are connected by the
circle of Willis, from which originate three paired branches: anterior cerebral,
middle cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries. The venous system contains the
dural sinuses and cerebral superficial and deep veins.
The brain is connected by the commissural, association, and projection tracts.
The main commissural tracts (interconnecting both hemispheres) are the corpus
callosum and anterior and posterior commissures. The major association tracts
(interconnecting different regions of the same hemisphere) are superior longitudinal, middle longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, superior occipito-frontal, inferior
occipito-frontal, and uncinate fascicles. The main projection tracts (connecting
W. L. Nowinski
between a brain lesion (damage) and the resulting disorder(s) [97]. We have
simulated brain damage at various locations and developed a brain pathology
database with focal and distributed vascular [111], cranial nerve-related [112], and
regional anatomy-related [113] synthesised lesions. Each lesion has been labelled
with the resulting disorder and associated signs, symptoms, and/or syndromes (and
additionally linked with relevant neurology textbook materials).
Mobile versions of the anatomic and neurologic disorders atlases also have been
developed [98–100].
Finally, celebrating my 25th anniversary of brain atlasing work and 20th
anniversary of the release of my first brain atlas product [117], I published two
review papers [115, 116]. In [115], I gave an overview of mathematical methods as
well as computational methods and tools in brain atlasing, sharing our contribution
and experience about the methods devised and tools developed to create brain atlases
and develop atlas-based applications. In [116], I presented the state of the art in brain
atlasing and summarised my past and present efforts; shared my experience in atlas
creation, validation, and commercialisation; compared our work with the state of the
art; and proposed future directions, namely, to develop a disruptive, multilevel brain
atlas platform with three directions: content spanning from molecules to behaviour;
variability covering structure, function, and disorders; and time across the lifespan.
2.6 Summary
The brain contains the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, and it encases the
ventricular system. The cerebrum comprises the paired cerebral hemispheres,
diencephalon (with thalamus and hypothalamus), and deep grey matter nuclei, the
main of them including the caudate nucleus, putamen, lateral and medial globus
pallidus, hippocampus, and amygdala. The cerebral hemispheres are parcellated into
the frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital, and limbic lobes. The cerebellum contains
the paired cerebellar hemispheres united by the midline vermis. The brainstem is
subdivided into the midbrain, pons, and medulla. The ventricular system contains
the paired lateral and midline third and fourth ventricles.
The cerebral vasculature comprises the arterial and venous systems. The brain is
supplied by two pairs of arteries: internal carotid arteries anteriorly and vertebral
arteries posteriorly. The anterior and posterior circulations are connected by the
circle of Willis, from which originate three paired branches: anterior cerebral,
middle cerebral, and posterior cerebral arteries. The venous system contains the
dural sinuses and cerebral superficial and deep veins.
The brain is connected by the commissural, association, and projection tracts.
The main commissural tracts (interconnecting both hemispheres) are the corpus
callosum and anterior and posterior commissures. The major association tracts
(interconnecting different regions of the same hemisphere) are superior longitudinal, middle longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, superior occipito-frontal, inferior
occipito-frontal, and uncinate fascicles. The main projection tracts (connecting