346
Index
Biomechanical model (cont.)
neurosurgical simulation, 135–136
nodal displacement, 177
plot of energy over time, 175, 176
solution algorithm and software, 174
Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD),
48
Bolus injection, 187
Brain atrophy, CSF dynamics in, 200, 202
Brain biomechanics, 2
Brain deformation
brain shift, 304–305
measurement of, 305–309
neuronavigation, 306–309
qualitative observations, 306
quantitative observations, 306
diffusion tensor imaging, 304
functional MRI, 304
intraoperative imaging methods
cortical surface displacement, 310–312
MRI and computed tomography,
309–310
ultrasound, 313
swine, 244
Brain extraction tool (BET), 323
Brain imaging techniques
clinical applications, 54–55
diffusion tensor imaging, 59
electrophysiological, 60
functional magnetic resonance imaging,
55–59
magnetic resonance imaging, 55
positron emission tomography, 60–62
structural and functional, 47
diffusion tensor imaging, 49
electrophysiological, 49–52
functional magnetic resonance imaging,
48–49
magnetic resonance imaging, 48
molecular techniques, 52–54
ultrahigh magnetic fields, 49
Brain parcellation, 6–10
Brain shift, 304–305, 321
compensation, 308–309
computer simulation
boundary conditions, 151
deformation fields, 154, 155
displacement loading, 151
intracranial constituent mechanical
properties, 151
meshes, 150
overlap of canny edges, 154, 156
percentile edge-based Hausdorff
distance, 154, 157
qualitative evaluation, 152–153
quantitative evaluation, 153–154
solution algorithms, 152
3D surface model, 150
measurement of, 305–309
neuronavigation, 306–309
qualitative observations, 306
quantitative observations, 306
replacing preoperative images with
intraoperative images, 307–308
Brain-skull interactions, for image-guided
neurosurgery, 258–259
Brain-skull interface, 266–267
Brainstem, 9–10
Brain surgery, cost of, 1
Brain tissue
age dependence, 87
biomechanical response, 72
compressive properties
quasistatic and high loading rate tests,
81
relaxation moduli, 82
rheological test protocols, 82
soil consolidation tests, 83
strain rates, 81
constitutive models, 84–86
in vivo and ex vivo measured properties,
87–88
mechanical anisotropy, 87
mechanical behaviour, 72
methodology, 88–89
shear properties
linear viscoelastic properties, 73–78
methodological issues, 72
nonlinear viscoelastic properties, 78–81
viscoelastic material, 73
tensile properties, 83–84
white and grey matter, 71
Brain tumour
DTI, 59
FDG-PET, 61
fMRI, 58–59
PET, 61
Brodmann’s areas, 16, 22, 24
C
Calcarine sulcus, 11, 12
Carbon-11 (C-11), 52
Cavitation-induced injury, 118–119
Central nervous system (CNS), 5
Central processing unit (CPU), 259
Central sulcus, 8
Cerebellum, 8–9
Index
Biomechanical model (cont.)
neurosurgical simulation, 135–136
nodal displacement, 177
plot of energy over time, 175, 176
solution algorithm and software, 174
Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD),
48
Bolus injection, 187
Brain atrophy, CSF dynamics in, 200, 202
Brain biomechanics, 2
Brain deformation
brain shift, 304–305
measurement of, 305–309
neuronavigation, 306–309
qualitative observations, 306
quantitative observations, 306
diffusion tensor imaging, 304
functional MRI, 304
intraoperative imaging methods
cortical surface displacement, 310–312
MRI and computed tomography,
309–310
ultrasound, 313
swine, 244
Brain extraction tool (BET), 323
Brain imaging techniques
clinical applications, 54–55
diffusion tensor imaging, 59
electrophysiological, 60
functional magnetic resonance imaging,
55–59
magnetic resonance imaging, 55
positron emission tomography, 60–62
structural and functional, 47
diffusion tensor imaging, 49
electrophysiological, 49–52
functional magnetic resonance imaging,
48–49
magnetic resonance imaging, 48
molecular techniques, 52–54
ultrahigh magnetic fields, 49
Brain parcellation, 6–10
Brain shift, 304–305, 321
compensation, 308–309
computer simulation
boundary conditions, 151
deformation fields, 154, 155
displacement loading, 151
intracranial constituent mechanical
properties, 151
meshes, 150
overlap of canny edges, 154, 156
percentile edge-based Hausdorff
distance, 154, 157
qualitative evaluation, 152–153
quantitative evaluation, 153–154
solution algorithms, 152
3D surface model, 150
measurement of, 305–309
neuronavigation, 306–309
qualitative observations, 306
quantitative observations, 306
replacing preoperative images with
intraoperative images, 307–308
Brain-skull interactions, for image-guided
neurosurgery, 258–259
Brain-skull interface, 266–267
Brainstem, 9–10
Brain surgery, cost of, 1
Brain tissue
age dependence, 87
biomechanical response, 72
compressive properties
quasistatic and high loading rate tests,
81
relaxation moduli, 82
rheological test protocols, 82
soil consolidation tests, 83
strain rates, 81
constitutive models, 84–86
in vivo and ex vivo measured properties,
87–88
mechanical anisotropy, 87
mechanical behaviour, 72
methodology, 88–89
shear properties
linear viscoelastic properties, 73–78
methodological issues, 72
nonlinear viscoelastic properties, 78–81
viscoelastic material, 73
tensile properties, 83–84
white and grey matter, 71
Brain tumour
DTI, 59
FDG-PET, 61
fMRI, 58–59
PET, 61
Brodmann’s areas, 16, 22, 24
C
Calcarine sulcus, 11, 12
Carbon-11 (C-11), 52
Cavitation-induced injury, 118–119
Central nervous system (CNS), 5
Central processing unit (CPU), 259
Central sulcus, 8
Cerebellum, 8–9